Financial economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Financial economics - Essay Example Theories that have brought about pop assume that at some circumstances, it would cost exactly the same number of for exampleUs dollars to buy euros and then to use the proceeds to purchase the same basket as it would cost to use those US dollars directly in buying the market basket of goods. For example, a cake that sells for C$1.50 in Australian city should cost US$1.00 in a U.S. city when the exchange rate between Canada and the U.S. is 1.50 USD/CDN. (Both cakes cost US$1.00.) Therefore, the fundamental for PPP is the "law of one price". Consequently, on elimation or assumptiontransportation and other transaction costs, competitive markets will have same price for identical good in two countries, on expressing the prices of involved countries into the same currency. The concept and principle of purchasing power parity enables and aids in estimation of what the exchange rate between both currencies should be in order for the exchange to be the same with the purchasing capability of the currencies of the two countries. Thus, when a countrys domestic price level is increasing as it is in the case when it is experiencing inflation that countrys exchange rate must depreciated so as to stabilize the PPP. PPP exchange rates is significant in that it helps to avoid inaccurate and erroneous international comparisons that arise due to use of market exchange rates. A good example is when two countries output similar physical amounts of goods in two separate years. Due to adverse fluctuation in market exchange rates when the GDP of one country (measured in its own currency is converted to the other countrys currency using market exchange rates) one country can be deemed to have higher real GDP than the other country in one year but relatively lower in the other; both of these comparisons wouldmiss-reflect the reality of their relative levels of

Regulatory and Conceptual Framework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Regulatory and Conceptual Framework - Essay Example International accounting standards will enhance the quality and transparency of accounting information. According to the principles of corporate governance, corporate reporting should ensure that the information is fair and transparent (AAA, 2003). Consequently, this results in the numbers getting beyond reproach in terms of integrity. It is very easy for companies to reduce the costs of transactions because there is a reduction in risk estimations by the market. However, the standards have the effect of increasing costs for small companies since they have few resources to implement the changes including training of accountants. Second, international accounting standards enhance flexibility in financial reporting because it is principle-based as opposed to the use of rules. This means that companies have many ways to arrive at a valuation that is reasonable and suitable to particular situations. This makes it very easy to read and interpret financial statements (FASB/IASB, 2008). On the downside, international accounting standards can promote manipulation because companies can selection a method of valuation of their choice. Most companies will decide to report only desired results while hiding financial problems. The result is that a company may appear more profitable than its real performance. Third, the use of international standards has the advantage of creating uniformity in financial reporting which improves comparability. It would be more accurate to compare the financial performance of companies using a uniform accounting standard than using different standards. It makes it easier for an investor to select an investment. On the downside, the international standard has not been accepted especially in the U.S. This has influenced other countries to hold out because they use the accounting standards adopted by the U.S. as a gold standard of measure. The situation is worse for foreign firms doing business in the U.S. because they

U101 TMA11 Design Thinking Essay Example for Free

U101 TMA11 Design Thinking Essay Being a sole trader. I started my company as I had a passion for creating and designing. It gives me the opportunity to nurture my creativity as well as allow me personal and financial independence. I first realised I enjoyed creating and designing when I was at school and this is still true. When the time came to look for work I instantly knew what I wanted to do. I built the entire business myself. I designed and built the website, I created my customer base, I created the designs, I marketed the products and the list goes on. The second role is one that I find incredibly rewarding, and that is being a Mother to my son Charlie. I love him unconditionally and being a mother means so much more to me than I could have ever imagined. I found that being a parent is so much more though, I have to nurture him both emotionally, physically and on an intellectual level. This role ensures that there is never a dull moment in my life. Every day means that my life embarks on a new challenge. Question 1B From carrying out the learning styles questionnaire I have learnt that I need to do the following: I need to create a study plan that will suit my learning style. So I will ensure that I set it up so I study for shorter periods. I need to ensure that I read everything correctly and brainstorm prior to answering questions. I must make sure that I double check my work afterwards and proof read all assignments. Question 2B The learning situation I have chosen is learning to design an invitation to a wedding. I feel that this most suits me as I face this situation on a regular basis. When faced with the decision of creating wedding stationery I first look into the different styles of invitations there are, for example; greeting card style, plain flat styled, chequebook or layered style etc. Further to this, potential suppliers need to be researched in depth so as to find reliable and good quality products. Another valid, if not vital topic that needs to be looked into is how you would print the invitations. You can use an inkjet printer; however this would not give a good quality finish. A laser printer; would provide a good quality finish, however, the cost would increase. There are more extravagant routes for printing designs; thermography, engraving and finally letterpress. These would be a very expensive and time consuming option however; it is these types of printing are becoming increasingly popular in this day and age. Therefore I would have to discuss with the customer(s) what they would want in order to choose the right printing process. I would then look into what customer(s) are looking to gain from their invitation, so if they are having a formal or informal wedding we would look into the style of wording that needs to be chosen in order to suit this. Further to all of this information a rough mood board would be created of materials (card, ribbons and various other textured materials) to show the customer(s) their options so they can decide what would best suited for her wedding. A customer may have a themed wedding or colour scheme too. For example if a customer was to have a vintage themed wedding they may use colours like; nude, champagne, peach, pinks, creams and ivory. These suggestions and ideas would have to be input into the design. The customer(s) may wish for the invitation to have depth to it so they may ask for embellishments, like pearls etc. Once all these steps have been carried out I would then proceed to designing an electronic proof (a mock-up) where customer(s) can see design ideas without materials being wasted if they do not like the design. If the customer(s) do like the design then we would proceed to creating an actual full scale sample. This sample would then be sent out to the customers directly so that they can review that all information is how they would want it to appear etc. Once a design had been finalised then the process of producing items in bulk would commence. A Question 2C After looking into my results I have reflected on my learning style. I feel that I think logically at learning tasks. I like to have everything laid out and research into what I can achieve. This style suits me well as I am very inquisitive and further myself by looking into subjects in depth. The learning style question I feel is accurate in some sense I do not prefer to get things done quickly sometimes I feel that I enjoy taking my time. Question 2d As I embark on studying U101 I am sure that I will certainly gain a lot of experience and acquire the knowledge to further myself in future studies. I feel that I may learn different techniques and ideas from working when working in a group. Things that may require further development are learning how to layout assignments in a professional manner, as well as wording them so they are suitable for academic use. Another area that I may show weakness in would be getting myself organised. Understanding what is needed to be done and then making effective and efficient steps in order to complete the task(s)

Crisis Communication at Glaxo Smith Kline

Crisis Communication at Glaxo Smith Kline Corporate communication constitutes the totality of companys efforts to transmit a favourable image of its internal values onto key audiences. However, businesses best efforts to be perceived in superlatives only are often inhibited by dissemination of contradictory information. Crisis communication management allows the companies to respond to such allegations to diminish their detrimental impact on stakeholder relations. GlaxoSmithKline in communication with key stakeholders attempts to convey the ethos of seeking to improve peoples lives by providing cutting-edge medicines as well as engaging in extensive corporate social responsibility actions. However, communicates projected mainly via the website, mission statement, press releases and direct-to-consumer-advertising seems achieve the goal to an extent. GSKs image is often undermined by allegations of conduct contradicting its internal values. Avandia crisis has been the most prolonged and acknowledged to date. In response to Avandia safety allegations GSK adopted a strategy based on undermining the methodological bases of studies suggesting the drug malfunction, simultaneously downplaying the risk and denying putting peoples lives at danger. This approach has contributed to further losses. Perhaps GSK should consider surveying publics attitude before responding to future crises, and adopt more emphatic approach. Introduction This report investigates the crisis communication management as an element of corporate communication function at GlaxoSmithKline. In order to fulfil the aim assigned, the paper first defines the concept of corporate communication and crisis management, and looks at their importance in the pharmaceutical industry. Next, the report introduces GlaxoSmithKline, its target audiences, core message and communication media used to develop favourable image of the business and assesses whether emitted message achieves its aim. Subsequently, the paper focuses on Avandia crisis as an example of an image crunch and critically analyses GlaxoSmithKlines response. The paper finalises with a set of recommendations towards improvement of crisis communication management in the said company. Corporate communication, crisis management and Big Pharma Corporate communication constitutes the totality of messages issued by the company to its stakeholders to transmit the organisations values and qualities that distinct it from competitors (Gray Balmer, 1998). The function holds responsibility for ensuring integrated coordination of all communication activities undertaken via communication means borderline of public relations and marketing communication (Cornelissen, 2008). The ultimate goal of the function is to develop a positive association between companys identity, and image of it held by the audiences, therefore generating sustained favourable reputation of the business (Cornelissen, 2008). Positive reputation is a source of competitive advantage (Fill Dimopoulou, 1999; Gray Balmer, 1998) and can aid the organization in achievement of strategic goals (Argenti et al., 2005) by supporting it in retaining committed employees and reinforcing positive buyer habits by enhancing perception of the quality of the brands endorsed (Smith, 1994). However, organisations best efforts to develop and maintain positive image in the eyes of contractual and community stakeholders are often eroded by dissemination of information suggesting a conflict between the values the organisation aspires to stand for and its actions, therefore creating and image crisis. Crisis communication management is an important element of corporate communication function enabling the business to respond to such revelations in a manner allowing offsetting their detrimental impact on public perception of companys standards (Fearn-Banks, 2002). Pharmaceutical companies commonly experience such challenges to their reputation, mainly in the form of accusations of malpractice (Pines, 2009) and unethical portrayals in media and culture (Parker, 2007). The presence of Internet allows otherwise marginal societal groups, e.g. NGOs, to gain access to plethora of information beyond organisations control and to exercise substantial pressure on the pharmaceutical companies (Little Grieco, 2010) holding them to account on fulfilment of the assumed moral obligation to provide safe and affordable medicines (Lee Kohler, 2010). Furthermore, Internet fosters for treatment of information as fast-tradable commodity, often leading to rapid image crisis escalation exacerbating damage to profits. Moreover, the consumer stages of the product life cycle of pharmaceutical merchandise are relatively short due to patent durability constraints (Gray Balmer, 1998) leaving the companies little time to recuperate the image in case of a crisis. Consequently, effective crisis management aimed at preventing further reputation deterioration and restoring credibility in the brand name to develop favourable conditions for new product launches (Smith, 1994) is Big Pharmas biggest concern. Corporate communication at GlaxoSmithKline GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) is one of the five top research-based pharmaceutical companies worldwide, capturing 7% of the total market, with US and Europe as the main sales-generating regions. The organisation operates in two dominant sectors: pharmaceutical and health-related products. GlaxoSmithKline is a conglomerate entity with origins in the UK, USA and New Zealand, with the present structure effective of mergers of SmithKline Beecham and GlaxoWellcome in 2000 (GSK, 2010a). Key audiences Due to varied product portfolio including prescription and self-medications as well as healthcare products, the company considers patients as participating consumers rather than end users of the merchandise. This is motivated by the pervasiveness of consumerism in the patient-medical practitioner relationship (DTC Report, 2005) and emergence of consumers actively researching information online on treatment options available (Little Grieco, 2010), rather than relying solely on the medical intermediary. The individual consumer group is particularly influential in the US market due to direct-to-consumer advertising permit. Other audiences recognised by GSK include as key to communication include (GSK, 2010b): Medical practitioners Government and regulatory bodies Stockholders and prospective investors NGOs Employe Communication objectives We have a challenging and inspiring mission to improve the quality of human life by enabling people to do more, feel better and live longer. (GSK, 2010c) The end objective of GlaxoSmithKlines communication is to transmit the information on companys identity conveyed in the mission statement and Spirit of GSK values of respect for people, patient focus, integrity, and transparency (GSK, 2010c) to create and maintain positive image of the business counterbalancing common unfavourable perceptions of the company. Simultaneous communication goals include generating product awareness, informing the stakeholders on companys financial tenure, and developing brand and corporate image to generate sales (Smith, 1991). Considering the nature of GSKs business and heavy regulatory burden significant part of the product communication is devoted to the informative imperative. Organisation of corporate communication function To communicate the values constituting the centre of companys identity to key audiences in distinctive manner, however maintaining overall integrity of the communicate (Argenti et al., 2005) GlaxoSmithKline divides the function into operational units overseen by the Board, reflecting key stakeholder groups (GSK, 2010b): employees (internal communication) media NGOs investors The media unit is responsible for crisis management. Additionally, the company devotes one division to managing dissemination of information on CSR activities, which suggests companys realisation of the social responsibilitys potential to add value to the businesss reputation (Adams Zutshi2004). Key communication means Website Prominence of consumers actively searching information online on products and ethical standards of their providers enables GSK to use the website to disseminate favourable message in a fully controlled environment (Sones et al., 2009). GSKs website serves the threefold purpose of: informing and educating the consumer by providing product info boosting companys image by addressing transparency imperative through online trial database and financial reports availability airing companys efforts to bring the mission statement to life via CSR The website constitutes the most all-embracing communication tool in transmitting companys identity onto the public by developing trust in external stakeholders, as well as fostering for increased commitment and loyalty on employees part (Morsing, 2006). Mission statement and Spirit of GSK projecting companys persona in the aspects of strategy, philosophy, values and behaviours in reference to broad, objective and culturally un-constrained values of diminishing social costs and emphasizing transparency and integrity. Directed at both external and internal stakeholders to contradict the negative conception of GSK, and foster for publics affinity, and frame employee behaviour (Hackley, 1998). CSR reporting constitutes the axis of GSKs website (Sones et al., 2009). The company provides extensive data on its actions towards offsetting social costs, aiding struggle against life-threatening diseases, as well as investments in society, maintaining strong bond with the essence of the mission statement, simultaneously extending it to preserving peoples habitat Press releases are applied to communicate with media journalists and investors, serving the purpose of quick dissemination of vital positive information, or rapid response to issues and crises arising (see GSK press releases) Direct-to-consumer advertising GSK extensively applies direct-to-consumer advertising within the US market, taking the lead among Big Pharma in marketing expenditure. The company targets consumers in the American market by newspaper and magazine adverts featuring experts and members of independent bodies emphasising product credibility (FiercePharma, 2008). Similar technique is applied to OTC medicines and healthcare products, e.g. Sensodyne toothpaste campaign featuring dentists, as direct-to-consumer advertising is prohibited within EU. Communication effectiveness: corporate image maintenance GlaxoSmithKline is currently ranked 108 in the most-trusted companies classification (Reputation Institutue, 2009). Remaining ahead of some of its competitors, which suggests effectiveness of the identity dissemination, GSK attracts contradictory publicity effectively equalising its reputation to the industry average. The most widely acknowledged image crises experienced by GSK include: Accusations of animal testing Profiteering from sales of overpriced patent-protected HIV/AIDS medication Safety concerns: Seroxat/Paxil, Avandia Failure to adhere to production quality standards Avandia safety crisis is the most prominent and long-lasting issue experienced by GSK to date. Avandia crisis The case In May 2007 an article in medical journal revealed that GSKs blockbuster drug, Avandia, originally devised to lower blood sugar levels and reduce the risks of diabetic patients developing a secondary heart problem severely increases the risk of heart failure and attack. The negative side effects have been linked to deaths among the patients on the medication. Nevertheless, the drug remained on the market until conclusive data be gathered on the basis of longitudinal RECORD study; nevertheless additional usage constrains were issued by the regulators. In 2009 RECORD study and leaked staff e-mails suggested that GSK knew of potentially lethal side effects of Avandia, and might have knowingly bias pre-approval study results to conceal the dangers. This gave rise to second revision of the safety profile of the drug. In 2010, the crisis reached the third peak with US Senate Commission investigation, EU drug regulatory body withdrawing Avandia from marketing, and BBC Panorama broadcast reviving the issue in European media. However, Avandia remains on US market, again with restrictions towards its use. (Lofstedt, 2010) GlaxoSmithKlines response To manage the crisis GSK employed an integrated strategy based on distancing itself from the accusations by undermining the methodologies and statistical significance of the study findings suggesting Avandias side effects. The complexity of the disease, challenge it creates in treatment and economic savings to the public health system, as well as comparability of alleged Avandia risks to other diabetes drugs were attended to throughout. GSK also challenged the impartiality of medical periodicals publicising unfavourable results. To date GSK consequently opposes to agree with the notion of its own error and deceptive practices, repeatedly referring to studies depicting favourable results (see GSK press releases). In its appeals to investors and media through press releases largely constituting responses to allegations or pre-emptive statements, GSK emphasized compliance with regulatory requirements, openness in communication and data disclosure, as well as focus on patients safety as the priority, therefore reassuring the stakeholders on the appropriateness of a chosen course of action and lack of error (see GSK press releases). Appeals to patients and members of general public where handled through the website, with Avandia resource centre section aimed at providing information on the drug. Additionally, at the wake of the crisis the company has issued a printed letter-styled advertising copy in the newspapers, with message from the chief medical officer reassuring the public on Avandias safety and encouraging patients not to withdraw the treatment without prior consultation (TargetMarketNews, 2007). However, the attempt to pre-empt negative response and ensure consumer trust by recalling expert authority of GSK was limited to US market only, due to prohibition of direct-to-consumer advertising in Europe. Within EU the company has used the website to appeal to practitioners, only addressing the patients following Avandia recall via video message from the Chief Medical Officer (GSK Europe, 2010) Effectiveness of adopted approach In its crisis management approach, GSK failed to appreciate the context of the crisis and misjudged certain stakeholder groups perceptions of responsibility and blame, consequently adopting inappropriate response strategy (Cornelissen, 2008). This evoked consequences in the form of (Lofstedt et al., , 2009): 8% share price drop following the crisis outbreak 60% prescription rate decrease in the first 6 months following the accusatory article 50% of diabetes patients failing to switch from Avandia to any other drug following the public anxiety outbreak in the US Potential compensation expenses of 1.6$ billion extending beyond patent expiry in 2012 GSK failed to account for the publics distrust towards the Big Pharma and regulators following the infamous Vioxx case in 2004, where the drug has been voluntarily recalled by the manufacturer following comparable safety concerns. The regulatory crisis transferred trust mandate to independent researchers, therefore assigning credibility to Dr Nissens research on Avandia (Lofstedt, 2010). Additionally GSKs public image has not yet recuperated from the detrimental impacts of concerns surrounding Seroxat linking the drug to increased tendencies in teenagers to self-harm and have suicidal thoughts (BBC, 2002). Given such circumstances, the response based on reference to GSKs expert authority and credibility failed due to the public perceiving the company as the one to blame (Cornelissen, 2008). GSK seems to have erred in noticing a strong emotional baggage associated with raised concerns. Public is vigilant to allegations on medicines possibly causing death and health damage, as this puts peoples lives at stake, and life is a value to the public (Parker, 2007). Concern for peoples safety combined with factors identified before, inhibited the recovery potential of GSKs assertions that patient wellbeing is their prime concern, consequently leading to loss of patient affinity. In similar vein, GSK erred in its crisis communication approach with medical practitioners, which is projected in significant slump in Avandia prescription rates shortly after the crisis outbreak. This suggests that medical practitioners made up their mind regardless of GSK consequently reinforcing message on Avandia safety. GSK has also failed to notice an important stakeholder to the crisis management relationship: consumer groups. Following the allegations a number of websites such as avandiarecallnews.com emerged projecting ex-patients and family members testimonials on Avandia, as well as reporting mounting lawsuits and providing support in filing a case (Avandiarecallnews, 2010). This significantly offset GSKs attempts to marginalise the scale of issue and its severity. Recommendations It is justifiable to assume that the current and future profit losses and still non-quantified detriment to the brand name, could have been mitigated had the company tap into stakeholders needs with the crisis response. Given the commonness of image crises in Big Pharma, it is permissible to say that accusations of conduct contradictory to the mission statement recur. Provided similarity of contextual factors, GSK should consider the following as improvements to crisis communication management: Consider surveying key stakeholder groups perceptions of the responsibility for a given crisis matter before giving a statement that is difficult to withdraw. This allows devising complimentary communication strategy, reducing the potential of public defiance. Consequently, should the public blame the company perhaps admit the error and apologise (Cornelissen, 2008). Consider JohnsonJohnsons response to Tylenol crisis as an example. Perhaps rely more on video messages from board members to address the stakeholders. This allows for more personal approach and permits to transmit strong message on companys involvement and effort to solve the issue. Consider Toyota crisis as an example. Accordingly, increase spokespeoples presence on the media. This fosters for the publics perception of the company as adopting open and frank communication approach (Fearn-Banks, 2002). Address other stakeholder groups more forcefully. Possibly intensify communication efforts with medical practitioners through symposia and representatives visits to reassure favourable relationship (Pines, 2009). Issue press releases aimed at informing NGOs on actions taken to resolve the issue and recall CSR efforts to gain publics favourable attention, thereof reducing the crisis to a single mishap in a series of positive actions (Parker, 2007). Reference section Adams, C., and Zutshi,A. 2004. CSR: Why Business Should Act Responsibly and Be Accountable? Australian Accounting Review. 14 (3) pp.31-39 Argenti, P.A., Howell, R.A., and Beck, K.A. 2005. The Strategic Communication Imperative. MITSloan Management Review. 46 (3). Pp.82-89 AvandiaRecallNews. 2010. Home Page. [online] Available at: http://avandiarecallnews.com/ Accessed: 16 December 2010 BBC. 2002. Patients May Sue Over Anti-depressant. [online]. Updated: 13 June 2002. Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/2041430.stm Accessed: 16 December 2010 Cornelissen, J. 2008. Corporate Communication: A Guide to Theory and Practice. London: Sage DTC Report. Internet is the Key to Integrated DTC: Study. Medical Marketing and Media.[online] Available at: Accessed: 16 December 2010 Fearn-Banks, K. 2002. Crisis Communications: A Case Book Approach. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum [e-book] Available at:http://books.google.pl/books?id=7GU4BVS-a2sCpg=PA59dq=fearn-bankshl=plei=M0MKTbqAH4XOswbqhpWxCgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=1ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepageqf=false Accessed: 16 December 2010 FiercePharma. 2008. Big Pharmas Top 13 Advertising Budgets. [online]. Updated 24 September 2008 Available at: http://www.fiercepharma.com/special-reports/top-13-advertising-budgets Accessed: 16 December 2010 Gray, E.R., and Balmer, M.T. 1998. Managing Corporate Image and Corporate Reputation. Long Range Planning. 31 (5). Pp.695-702 GSK. 2010a. About Us. [online] Available at: http://www.gsk.com/about/index.htm Accessed: 16 December 2010 GSK, 2010b. Roles at GSK: Communication. [online] Available at: http://us.gsk.com/html/career/career-roles-communications.html Accessed: 16 December 2010 GSK.2010c. Culture and Values [online] Available at: http://www.gsk.com/careers/culture-values.htm Accessed: 16 December 2010 GSK Europe. 2010. Health GSK News: Avandia Information for Patients. [online] Updated 23 September 2010 Available at: http://public.gsk.com/news/138494/ Accessed: 16 December 2010 Hackley, CH. 1998. Mission Statements as Corporate Communciations: the Consequences of Social Constructorionism. Corporate Communications: An International Journal. 3(3). Pp.92-98 Lee, M., and Kohler, J. 2010. Benchmarking and Transparency: Incentives for the Pharmaceutical Industrys Corporate Social Responsibility. Journal of Business Ethics. 95. Pp. 641-658 Little, S., and Grieco, M. 2010. Big Pharma, social movements, international labour, and the Internet: Critical Perspectives on Coordination. Labour History. 51 (1). Pp. 71-86 Lofstedt, R. 2010. Risk Communication: the Avandia Case, a Pilot Study. Expert Reviews: Clinical Pharmacology. 3(1). Pp. 31-41 Lofstedt, R., Bouder, F., Warman, J., and Chakraborty, S. 2009. The Changing Nature of Communication and Regulation of Risk in Europe. Risk and Regulation Advisory Council Report. Morsing, M. 2006. CSR as Strategic Auto-communication: on the Role of External Stakeholders for Member Identification. Business Ethics: A European Review. 15(2). Pp. 171-182 Parker, J. 2007. The Reputation, Image and Influence of the Pharmaceutical Industry: Regaining Credibility. Journal of Medical Marketing. 7. Pp. 309-313 Pines, W. L. 2009. Pharmaceutical Physicians and Crisis Management. Pharmaceutical Medicine. 23 (1). Pp.7-10 Reputation Institute. 2009. The Worlds Most Reputable Companies, 2009. [online] Available at: http://www.corporatereputation.it/idee/docs/Global_Pulse_2009_Free_Global_Report.pdf Accessed: 16 December 2010 Smith, P.R. 1991. Pharmaceutical Marketing: Strategy and Cases. Pharmaceutical Products Press. in Fill, Ch., and Dimopoulou, E. 1999. Shaping Corporate Images: Attributes Used to Form Impressions of Pharmaceutical Companies. Corporate Reputation Review. 2 (3). Pp. 202-213 Smith, P.R. 1994. Marketing Communications: an Integrated Approach. London: Kogan Page in Fill, Ch., and Dimopoulou, E. 1999. Shaping Corporate Images: Attributes Used to Form Impressions of Pharmaceutical Companies. Corporate Reputation Review. 2 (3). Pp. 202-213 Sones, M., Grantham, S., and Vieira, E.T. 2009. Communicating CSR via Pharmaceutical Company Web Sites. Corporate Communications: An International Journal. 14 (2). Pp. 144-157 TargetMarketNews. 2007. GlaxoSmithKlines Niche Marketing Strategy for Diabetes Drug under Stress. [online] Updated 6 June 2007. Available at: http://www.targetmarketnews.com/storyid06060701.htm Accessed: 16 December 2010

Gold Strike, Relating To Cry, :: essays research papers

â€Å"Gold mining union plans one-day Free State strike† An article dated March 17, 2000   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  NUM, or South Africa’s National Union of Mineworkers, is organizing a one-day strike at Free State gold mines. They are protesting the poverty and job losses from the mines. NUM is the country’s biggest mining union with 50,000 members, and on March 22 the strike would affect five gold companies; AngloGold Ltd., Gold Fields Ltd., Harmony Gold Co., Avgold and African Rainbow Minerals. NUM spokesman Ikaneng Matlala didn’t say, however, how many members of the union would participate on the strike, but did say â€Å"All the gold mines in the Free State gold fields are going to embark on a strike.† The protest is against the gold mines because of the huge job losses in the last fifteen years. In 1987, gold, being the backbone of the economy, employed 530,000 miners. After the end of apartheid in 1994, South Africa’s economy was open to foreign competition, and the gold industry had to be restructured. The gold price has been decreasing as well, and today only 200,000 miners are employed. This current event relates to Alan Paton’s, Cry, the Beloved Country, because mining supported Johannesburg, and references were made to the mining industry throughout the book. Many characters voiced their opinion that it was the black men that economically supported the white men in South Africa, and they were diseased and injured by it. That they worked for cheap, were exposed to dangers, and then when they needed medical attention the non-European hospitals were less than inadequate. John Kumalo gave speeches on strikes against the gold mines. Gold was found in a new area, Odenaalrust, and the white men wanted to change the name because it was too hard to pronounce.

Book Review of Rebellion in the Backlands by Euclides da Cunha :: essays research papers

Book Review of "Rebellion in the Backlands" By Euclides da Cunha Rebellion in the Backlands is set in the Northeastern backlands of Brazil. It is basically, a historical narration of a period of time (1896 and 1897) where the government of the Republic of Brazil decided to wage war against a religious group of people of about 5000. This group of people, lead by a charismatic religious leader named Antonio Conselheiro, did not accept the Brazilian government as their legitimate government and was therefore deemed a threat to the rest of the country. Some of the members of this rebellion were in fact very aggressive and uncontrollable. Eventually the Brazilian government led an attack on these people launching a battle that lasted almost a year and took the lives of hundreds of Brazilian army soldiers, and thousands of native Brazilian rebels. The poor, native people of the backlands proved impressive opposition and in fact defeated every single force sent against them and even killed the commander of the first expedition. Although, in the end the g overnments military did prevail over the rural people, and they were all eventually killed. Still, the interesting thing about his book is that it seems to demonstrate that there is more to the story than just a battle lost. When I began this assignment, I set out to read each and every page of this book. Unfortunately, it is not an easy book to read and due to time limitations as well as a curiosity to â€Å"peek ahead† to further chapters, I was subsequently constrained to skim the entire book. From what I did gather this is a very well written book, incredibly detailed, by someone who is clearly well educated in Latin American History as well as military tactics and it seems as though, geology and geography as well. The amount of imagery and detail that was put into the chapter on land alone was enough to fill it’s own book. â€Å"†¦an unlooked-for picture awaits the traveler †¦ all of which confers upon the landscape in a fuse in a distant and amazing blend of color.† The physical descriptions of the land were beautiful and vivid, but what really interested me was the chapter entitled â€Å"Man†. Being a psychology major, this was by far my preferred chapter. Here Da Cunha really gets into the meat of the story he is telling about Brazilian history.

Dreaming and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: The Connection Essay examp

Introduction According to the dictionary diagnosis in PsychCentral, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is defined as a â€Å"debilitating mental disorder that follows experiencing or witnessing an extremely traumatic, tragic, or terrifying event† (PTSD Info & Treatment, 2013). While this definition describes the general definition of PTSD, the DSM-IV states that the criteria for being diagnosed with PTSD varies between a person who â€Å"experienced, witnessed, or was confronted with an event or events that involved actual or threatened death or serious injury, or a threat to the physical integrity of self or others† and/or â€Å"the person’s response involved intense fear, helplessness, or horror† (DSM-IV, Appendix E). Such experiences can include various situations such as military involvement for veterans, domestic abuse, and even divorce. It is stated that once a person experiences a traumatic event, PTSD can develop as a combination of varying symptoms. When diagnosing possible PTSD patients, clinicians use the DSM-IV as a guide in â€Å"understanding clusters of symptoms† (Staggs, para. 1). Some of these symptoms include â€Å"recurrent and intrusive† recollections of the situation, â€Å"including images, thoughts, or perceptions; acting or feeling as if the traumatic event were recurring; intense psychological distress† to symbols representing trauma; and â€Å"recurrent distressing dreams of the event†, or nightmares/terrors (DSM-IV, Appendix E). While all symptoms play an important factor in diagnosing a patient with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, the most common of the symptoms are the recurring dreams according to a statement in Dreaming in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Critical Review of Phenomology, Psychophysiology and Treatment by Wittmann, Schredl,... ...e and Mental Health Services Administration, 51, Appendix E. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK83241/ Shanks, V. (2013). TREATING THE UNCONSIOUS COMPLEX OF PTSD. Pacifica Graduate Institute, 20-21. Retrieved from http://media.proquest.com.ezproxy.emich.edu/media/pq/classic/doc Standen, A. (2012). Ending Nightmares Caused By PTSD. Retrieved from http://www.npr.org/health/2012/01/16/144672190/ending-nightmares-caused-by-ptsd Swales, P. (2012). Sleep and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Retrieved from http://www.svfreenyc.org/survivors_factsheet_101.html Wittmann, L., Schredl, M., & Kramer, M. (2007). Dreaming in posttraumatic stress disorder: A critical review of phenomenology, psychophysiology and treatment. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 76, 25-39. Retrieved from http://media.proquest.com.ezproxy.emich.edu/media/pq/classic/doc

Explain How You Could Promote Inclusion, Equality and Diversity with Your Current/Future Learners

Explain how you could promote inclusion, equality and diversity with your current/future learners. Identify other points of referral available to meet the potential needs of learners. Susan Wallace states that equality in this context â€Å"†¦. requires us, as teachers, to ensure that we show no favouritism or antipathy towards any learner and that we are entirely non-partisan in our dealings with them. Whether they are keen and motivated or bored and disengaged; or whether they are friendly and sociable or morose and threatening, they are nevertheless equal and should be treated equally. † (2007, p 46) When working with a range of ages, races, religions different genders and disabilities, I have to be rather sensitive when conducting classroom discussions or approaching individuals so as not to offend them. I ensure that each student receives the same equality and equal opportunity regardless of sex, colour or creed. I use a different range of teaching styles due to the various abilities of my learners. Visually I use demonstration videos, which play continuously throughout the lesson, I find this helps the learners to retain information more easily and giving out handout to learners I have them printed in larger than normal print with Comic sans font to aid anyone within the group who may have dyslexia or may be visually impaired. G. Petty points out that, â€Å"Dyslexia may be a gift as well as a disability. Psychologist studying entrepreneurs for Mind of a millionaire, a BBC Two TV programme, found that 40% of the most successful had learning difficulties, mostly dyslexia (Sunday Times, 5 October 2003). If you are not born dyslexic, sadly there is no way of making you so â€Å"! (Petty. G2009) As my lessons are mainly practical the learners get plenty of hands on experience with tools and materials this is a simple way of getting them to engage in the lessons. Auditory by explaining in detail to the students the task they are doing and get plenty of Q&A. I get some good feedback from my learners finding out what went well and wrong. By keeping the lesson as simple as possible, and setting each member relevant task to develop specific weaknesses, I find I get better all round results. I also timetable into their lesson a one to one tutorial where I can get some individual feedback. This is where I can promote ALS and Learner Support services on offer a the College.

Software Performance Engineering Techniques

Abstract— bettering public presentation of package, sites and services is a holy grail of package industry. A new attack for execution of Poka-Yoke method in package public presentation technology is proposed. Poka-Yoke is a error proofing technique used in merchandise design. The effectivity of Poka-Yoke in package development was evaluated utilizing two instance surveies: merchandise redesign mini-project given to six groups of pupils and a study of online services in the package industry. Both quantitative and qualitative rating was done. Our proposed five-step error proofing technique for package development utilizing Poka-Yoka rating demonstrated the effectivity. The consequences showed that an implementing Poka-Yoke technique improves the package development procedure. Arrested development analysis showed that Poka-Yoke has a greater impact on package quality that uses the current province of the art package development theoretical accounts. Improved UGAM tonss besides s howed one-dimensionality and justified Poka-Yoke execution. Our findings recommend use of techniques for error proofing for overall package public presentation. The purpose is to cut down mistakes in package development procedure. We are besides suggesting HQLS: a new attack for high quality in the big graduated table package development in this paper. Keywords- Poka-Yoke Principles, Performance, UGAM, Security, Quality, Mistake-proofing, Detection. I. Introduction In position of Mukesh Jain, across the Earth, end-user public presentation of the bulk of our online services, web sites and package applications is a affair of concern. Global and local rivals in the parts have led to fierce competition for relatively better public presentation than rival services. Slow services impacts on user experience, operational cost, mind-share, market portion and gross. Turning the tide on public presentation can hold existent impacts on any company’s underside line. One of the cardinal messages sent from the markets is that we need to make a better occupation of bettering public presentation of our sites and services globally. The public presentation of most of the sites and services in many instances lag. For illustration, in the US, on broadband connexion, MSN/Live Search takes 3 seconds to expose the consequences compared to Google’s 1.5 seconds and the Yahoo’s 2.5 seconds. For Search, we have seen that the longer it takes to lade the consequences page, the more people abandon the page ( i.e. Peoples typically begin go forthing a page after waiting 4 seconds, and more than 50 % of users abandon the page after waiting for 6 seconds ) . Site public presentation in states like India makes many merchandises about impossible to utilize. Recent proving showed that it takes around 40 seconds for person in India to login into Hotmail and see their letter boxs, while it takes merely 5 seconds when utilizing rival electronic mail merchandises like yahoo.co.in, rediffmail and Indiatimes. This may take to important loss in electronic mail market portion in India. The heat chart in the Table 2 reflects the comparative public presentation of the online services market. The tabular array shows the PLT [ Page-Load-Time ] in seconds for the user in each of the major states. We show the 75th percentile, intending that 75 % of minutess in the state are better than this figure, and 25 % are worse. The Numberss on the left are MSN. On the right is the â€Å" top † rival for that service in that market. Jain proposed a strategy and process to forestall and/or detect public presentation issues in clip for the merchandise technology squad to take action and repair them and forestall them from go oning. Users don’t like to wait for a page to lade. With nothing ( or really low ) exchanging cost, it is disputing for any service to retain the users with slow public presentation ( compared to the major rival in that market ) . If the service is slow one time in a piece – users may non detect and/or will non mind. But if it is systematically slow, it will impact their productiveness and they will look for faster options. The field of Poka-Yoke has a big sum of literature in merchandise design methods, package proving techniques, and direction ( M.Dudek Burlikowska et Al, 2009 ; Lawrence P Chao et Al, 2003 ; Harry Robinson, 1997, etc ) . These proposals are first-class presentations of how Poka-Yoke design methodological analysis can ensue in improved user-experience design and service public presentation with fewer defects in their several spheres. Unfortunately, major spreads between Poka-Yoke and SE continue to be in faculty members, literature, and industrial pattern. The following subdivision gives an overview of related work in Poka-Yoke. Sections 3 and 4 describe the proposals for package public presentation, technology and HQLS: a new attack for high quality in big graduated table package development. The Section 3 besides has qualitative ratings of package public presentation technology proposal. Sections 5 describe instance surveies that evaluated the architecture for HQLS and their findings. Section 6 draws decisions from the survey. II.STATE OF THE ART In recent old ages, research on using Poka Yoke in package has received much attending [ 7, 8, 9, and 10 ] . Harry Robinson introduced Poka-Yoke ( mistake-proofing ) into the Hewlett Packard’s package procedure and he claims they have been able to forestall literally 100s of package localisation defects from making their clients. As per Gojko Adzic, writer of Impact Mapping â€Å"software categories should non let us to continue and blow up when something goes incorrect. Exceptions can be an effectual manner of giving more certification, but the signal should be clean and unambiguous, in order non to misdirect users or client-developers. Software must be designed to forestall a complete clang, even in the face of system failure. Auto-save characteristics are a good illustration. It’s non frequently that the power gets cut, but when it does, our users will certainly appreciate that we saved most of their work† [ 11 ] . Much of the research focal point is for ZOC, quality control, placing defects. However, the restriction that associated research brings is non using Poka- Yoke in entireness. III.PROPOSAL FOR SOFTWARE PERFORMANCE Technology Here are the Poka-Yoke based 5 stairss ( theoretical account ) we can accommodate ( in parts or full ) to Prevent and/or Detect public presentation jobs at the right clip and repair it as depicted in the Table 1 [ 18 ] . A.Focus/Strategy The first measure for this would be to include public presentation as portion of the scheme and focal point. Sing public presentation as Key portion of the deliverable is of import. â€Å"Like security & A ; handiness, we should see public presentation as built-in portion of any characteristic. Performance can non be an afterthought- If we do non concentrate public presentation from the get downing – it might be excessively late to repair it and in some instances we might lose the opportunity† . B.Approach The attack to plan and development makes a important difference towards the exposure of the procedure for public presentation issues. This is the 1 of a bar type of mistake-proofing solution. The design methodological analysis and the development procedure can forestall many sorts of public presentation jobs. This is the 1 of a bar type of mistake-proofing solution replacing manual work with an machine-controlled tool can salvage resources and enhances the quality of the merchandise. C.Testing ( Verification & A ; Validation ) Testing for public presentation will be of import here. Performance should non be considered as a separate characteristic – it should be portion of each and every characteristic and scenario, usage instance. â€Å" TEST PASS IS INCOMPLETE without PERFORMANCE Testing † . Testing demands to be performed based on the â€Å" End-user † scenes. The Majority of the people have slower machines than what Jain squad uses in Microsoft. D.Monitoring/Measurement ( Detection ) For all the sites that are unrecorded in production, we need to hold monitoring/measurements in topographic point to be able to supervise public presentation tendencies and detect/report issues. This sensing method does nil to forestall the public presentation impact from go oning. Alternatively, it aims to happen the public presentation job at the earliest chance in order to minimise the harm. With this mistake-proofing solution, the right job is detected and reported at the right clip to the right people. The monitoring system ( webHancer, SQM, WebWatson, etc. ) can mensurate public presentation at the end-user and study it back to Microsoft. An alarming system can be built on top of it that can hold concern rules/criteria for observing public presentation forms ( for cardinal user scenarios ) and study to the appropriate people. Example: Business Scenario for measuring of Quality of Service can be explained in different types like absolute measuring, comparative measuring and competitory measuring. This mistake-proofing solution does nil to forestall the public presentation job from go oning. However, agencies are provided to minimise the impact of any public presentation issue. By this clip the bulk of the people would understand the importance of Performance and how they can lend to better the same.

Components of Whistle Blowing Policy Essay

Whistle blowing policy components can vary from company to company. There are several essential components that must be included in any whistle blowing policy to maximize the effectiveness of the policy. There are six basic components that need to be addressed: receive the complaint; acknowledge the complaint; investigate the complaint; resolve the complaint; report the resolution of the complaint; and retain necessary documentation (Thornton, 2006). The benefit of having a whistle blowing policy is to protect against corporate fraud. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 requires that company’s establish procedures for receipt and treatment of complaints and require an anonymous venue. According to the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners 2006 report, the most expensive forms of fraud are not detected by internal controls because perpetrators tend to work in areas not tightly controlled or are in control of the areas themselves (Thornton, 2006). Therefore, the most effective form of fraud detection is a tip, most often coming from a whistleblower hotline. The danger of a whistle blowing policy is the backlash the blower or the company may endure. An entire organization can still be held criminally liable for employee illegal actions despite even the best efforts to prevent wrongdoing (Schwartz, 2006). An employee may endure harassment, embarrassment, or job loss if they are found out to be the whistleblower despite the validity of the accusations. In all, whistle blowing policies are required by law and essential for deterring corporate crime. Although all six components are needed for a complete policy, the two essential elements are for success are anonymity and corporate support and resolution. Without these two major components, whistle blowing policies are simply policies and not crime deterrents.

buy custom Family Determinants of Health Behaviors essay

buy custom Family Determinants of Health Behaviors essay Challenges do the teachers, educators and parents of this country face to fight the epidemic of obesity in children? The parents are the most affected people; they greatly worry about the health of their children, the problems they face, the scorn they receive from their peers that make them uncomfortable and always depressed. They are never active in anything they do especially when interacting with their peers in sports. Moreover, they parents also undergo difficulties selecting foodstuff that is suitable for these children. This means that they have to avoid using certain meals that they may be admiring in order to prevent the disease. Besides, they also spent a lot of money treating these children and feeding them appropriately. The teachers in school get it hard when teaching the obesity students because they are always sad, depressed and never concentrates in classroom. This fact makes them to perform poorly in education and as it has always been, the blame is put on the teachers. Therefore, the teachers actually undergo a difficult time teaching and ensuring the obesity students get the inst ruction right. Reasons why they are not physically active Before the overweight children get to the worsening conditions of the disease that leads to other diseases, they normally take an emotional charge. These children are frequenly taunted and excluded from team activities and that contributes to their low self-esteem, depression and negative body image. This in turn, makes overweight students very dull, lonely, and makes them physically inactive. Of course, any rejected persons in the society especially by the fellow colleagues and in this case, fellow peers, can never be active at all. Therefore, the main reasons as to why the children and teens with obesity are inactive are as follows; They are rejected by fellow peers and excluded in team activities They have low self-esteem thus very inactive Have negative body image Most of them have depression that makes them not to be in a position to participate in certain activities. What can be done to make them more active? There are several things that can be done to make these inactive obesity students active. The schools provide a perfect environment for the prevention of health difficulties and promoting good health. For, example, the school can provide the obesity students with good indoor air quality, approach to healthy food and opportunities to be physically active at school in sports, class work and teamwork activities. The schools also educate the students the importance of preventing bad foods that may cause obesity. Moreover, the teachers must also educate aand influence the other students to appreciate and embrace the students with obesity so that they may include them in their activities, team works and enhance their relationships. This in turn will make these students to be active and feel part of the society. The schools must also establish the National Prevention Strategy that supports healthy school environments in order to enhance the participation of obesity students in school activi ties. How does the role of family influence the obesity epidemic? The parents of these children need to ensure their children use improved nutritional standards, acquire local fresh produce and eat competitive foods. They should also embrace these children and teach them the essence of eating healthy foods and associating with other peers. This is a way that can make the overweight students feel appreciated and cared about while at home. Besides, they will also be obedient and try to follow the instructions given to them by the family thus be able to lead a positive life and even getting diagnosis over the epidemic. The parents and family in general need to support the overweight children, encourage them and give them a positive modeling image that will make them appreciate their own body images and maintain a healthy weight. In that way, they will be influencing the overweight children positively. Buy custom Family Determinants of Health Behaviors essay

Effect of Craving essays

Effect of Craving essays They affect cravings, metabolism and your ability to maintain your weight. Here is how to make them work in your favor. IT IS EASY TO BLAME THE OCCASIONAL mood swing or candy craving on your hormones. As your body master chemicals, they can have a profound effect on your emotions, appetite and metabolism. A hormones main job is to tell a particular organ, such as the stomach or brain, what to do, explains Dr. Lona Sandon, R.D., an assistant professor of clinical nutrition at the University of Texas Southwestern in Dallas and spokesperson for the American Dietetic Association. Depending on the circumstances, that can mean stimulating the need to eat or to be comforted. Both determine the foods you instinctively crave. However, weight-loss specialists are still divided over how much impact your hormones actually have on your waistline; after all, you make the choice between fresh cherries and cherry Garcia. However, scientists say the following are the six weight-related areas in which hormones do play a definitive role. Knowing what they are, and how they affect you, can help ensure that your weight-loss plans stays on track. The two main appetite-regulating hormones are insulin and glucagons, both of which are produced by your pancreas, an oblong gland that hovers above your liver. When you eat, your pancreas s pumps out insulin, which helps transport nutrients into your cells for use as energy. It also tempers your desire to eat. ...

Swearing Essays - Blasphemy, Censorship, Connotation, Profanity

Swearing Essays - Blasphemy, Censorship, Connotation, Profanity Swearing Cussing, using profane language, making obscene gestures, whatever its called it is swearing. Swearing has become a common expressions this day in age and used most commonly by male teenagers. It makes them feel more sophisticated and feel respectable about themselves. Everyone swears so it doesnt make a difference to them because they sound just as intelligent as the others they choose to be around. Not only does it please their mother so much, everyone seems to show respect towards anyone that has the ability to think of no better word than a swear word. Swearing has become a fine mark of manliness for a teen. Being able to swear just like an adult proves to them how grown up they are. Swearing shows how one has self control over themselves by being able to pop in a swear word once in a while without overusing them. Swearing is all right just as long as its not overused. Those that tend to misuse a cuss make fools out of themselves because they seem to sound foolish as if they are unable to control themselves. Such vulgar people tend to make a swear sound tasteless and inappropriate in such circumstances. Any conversation can be made more delightful and entertaining when the swear is used. It doesnt matter how any of the words is used because a swear word can be easily implemented for a either a verb or an adjective. Nothing is better able to describe and portray actions and events as a cuss does. Anyone listening to a story told by someone that swears every other word is intrigued by the story and makes it a point to pay careful attention to every detail. The ability to swear is impressive in that they can tell if one has had more than an ordinary education. The vocabulary learned throughout ones life can never substitute for a curse. Swearing can give anyone a desirable personality among both women and children, or anyone that lives in a respectable society. Since swearing is a common activity among todays society, no one minds the occasional swear word and that is why infrequently when a little swear word slips it is never mentioned that that is a bad word to say. Besides it is only a simple, inoffensive word which really never harms anyone. Swearing should rarely be used to hurt someone, rather its basic intentions are to flatter and make a story better. A person that swears has a definite charming personality due to their casual speech and delectable behavior. The use of the swear word is an art, any overuse can tend to make anyone annoyed. However, with subtle use it has been adopted by others as being an unmistakable sign of culture and refinement. Some may think of swearing as an unfavorable choice of words used only by the unintelligent. However it is commonly thought of as a way of honoring God who said, Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord Thy God in vain.

Free Essays on Crime And Delinquency

The debate between nature vs. nurture in regards to crime and delinquency is a long and heated one. Are some people really born criminals, or is our society and the environment and experiences children are brought up in the reason they become delinquent? Throughout this essay I am going to look at both sides of the argument, and offer an insight into the theoretical and sociological approaches surrounding this nature vs. nurture debate. The first step in looking at the nature side of the debate would be to look at the actual genetics of criminals. This is an area that has been, and still is, widely researched, often coming up with varied results. Here I’ll look at the actual biology of genetics, and the alleged abnormal gene, present in some criminals. For example, a study in 1993 identified an X chromosome mutation (associated with mild retardation and aggressive, violent criminal behavior) concentrated in one large Dutch family. This apparent mutation causes complete deficiencies of the enzyme monoamine oxidase (maoa), which metabolises the neurotransmitters serotonin, dopamine, and noradrenaline. David Goldman, a geneticist at the National Institute of Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse, states: â€Å"men who possess this abnormal gene may typically engage in impulsive behavior, but the time, place, type, and seriousness of their crimes (which include exhibitionism, attempted rape, and arson) have been diverse and unpredictable† (Powledge, T.M., Vol 46:1, January 1996) Although there does seem to be some evidence that crime and genetics are related, the findings prove to be unpredictable. That is not to say that there have not been breakthroughs, and other areas of human biology have proved to be useful also. Adrian Rain, of the University of Southern California showed CAT scans comparing the brain activity of 42 convicted murderers, with those of 42 people with no apparent criminal traits (or convictions). The group of murderers te... Free Essays on Crime And Delinquency Free Essays on Crime And Delinquency The debate between nature vs. nurture in regards to crime and delinquency is a long and heated one. Are some people really born criminals, or is our society and the environment and experiences children are brought up in the reason they become delinquent? Throughout this essay I am going to look at both sides of the argument, and offer an insight into the theoretical and sociological approaches surrounding this nature vs. nurture debate. The first step in looking at the nature side of the debate would be to look at the actual genetics of criminals. This is an area that has been, and still is, widely researched, often coming up with varied results. Here I’ll look at the actual biology of genetics, and the alleged abnormal gene, present in some criminals. For example, a study in 1993 identified an X chromosome mutation (associated with mild retardation and aggressive, violent criminal behavior) concentrated in one large Dutch family. This apparent mutation causes complete deficiencies of the enzyme monoamine oxidase (maoa), which metabolises the neurotransmitters serotonin, dopamine, and noradrenaline. David Goldman, a geneticist at the National Institute of Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse, states: â€Å"men who possess this abnormal gene may typically engage in impulsive behavior, but the time, place, type, and seriousness of their crimes (which include exhibitionism, attempted rape, and arson) have been diverse and unpredictable† (Powledge, T.M., Vol 46:1, January 1996) Although there does seem to be some evidence that crime and genetics are related, the findings prove to be unpredictable. That is not to say that there have not been breakthroughs, and other areas of human biology have proved to be useful also. Adrian Rain, of the University of Southern California showed CAT scans comparing the brain activity of 42 convicted murderers, with those of 42 people with no apparent criminal traits (or convictions). The group of murderers te...

Oligarchy + Monopoly ≠Oligopoly

Oligarchy + Monopoly ≠  Oligopoly Oligarchy + Monopoly ≠  Oligopoly Oligarchy + Monopoly ≠  Oligopoly By Maeve Maddox Ive long been aware of the words oligarchy and monopoly, but Ive only just discovered the word oligopoly. The word oligarchy describes a type of government: government by the few. from oligoi few, small, little plus arkhein to rule. The word monopoly describes a type of market paradigm: exclusive control of a commodity or trade, from monos single, alone + polein to sell. The word oligopoly, like monopoly, is a term used in economics: oligopoly [(Ã… lÄ ­-gÃ… pÉ™-lÄ“] a market situation in which each of a limited number of producers is strong enough to influence the market but not strong enough to disregard the reaction of his competitors Here it is in some headlines: Nonlinear pricing in an oligopoly market: the case of specialty coffeeRAND Journal of Economics Market Economy or Oligopoly-Finance Capitalism? Monthly Review, Senegal, Africa An oligopoly model of commercial fishingSeoul Journal of Economics Oracle president backpedals on oligopoly report CNET News Theres also a word for a market situation in which two competing sellers hold the controlling power of determining the amount and price of a product or service offered to a large number of buyers: duopoly. Monopoly, duopoly and oligopoly, which refer to the control exercised by sellers, have these corresponding forms to describe the role of buyers: monopsony a market situation in which there is a single buyer for a given product or service from a large number of sellers duopsony a market situation in which two rival buyers hold the controlling power of determining the demand for a product or service from a large number of sellers oligopsony a market situation in which each of a limited number of buyers is strong enough to influence the market but not strong enough to ignore the reaction to such influence by his competitors The suffix opsony in these words derives from Greek opsonia, purchase of victuals, catering. I dont know where youll find a use for these words, but I think theyre cool. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:70 "Home" Idioms and Expressions20 Words Meaning "Being or Existing in the Past"Passed vs Past

When to Ask for Graduate School Recommendation Letters

When to Ask for Graduate School Recommendation Letters Faculty members are busy people and graduate admissions time falls at an especially hectic point in the academic year - usually at the end of the fall semester. It is important that hopeful applicants demonstrate respect for their  letter writers time by providing them with plenty of advance notice. Although at least a month is preferable, more is better and less than two weeks is unacceptable - and will likely be met with a no by the faculty member. The ideal time to give a letter writer, though, is anywhere from one to two months before the letter is due with your submission. What Letter Writers Need From the Applicant Chances are, the letter writer a graduate school applicant has selected knows him or her on a professional and personal level and will, therefore, have a good foundation for what should be included,  but he or she may need a bit more information about the program being applied to, the applicants goals in applying, and even perhaps a bit more information about the applicants academic and professional careers. When asking a peer, colleague, or faculty member to write a letter of recommendation, it is important the writer knows the finer points of the program being applied to. For instance, if the applicant is requesting a letter for a medical graduate school as opposed to a graduate law school, the writer would want to include accomplishments the applicant has made in the medical field while under his or her guidance. Understanding the applicants goals in continuing to pursue an education will also benefit the writer. If,  for instance, the applicant hopes to further his or her understanding of a field as opposed to progressing his career, the writer may want to include independent research projects he or she helped the applicant with or a particularly strong academic paper the student wrote on the matter. Finally, the more details an applicant is able to provide the letter writer about his or her accomplishments in academic or professional pursuits of the degree, the better the letter of recommendation will be. Even a students most trusted advisor might not know the full breadth of his or her achievements, so its important they give a bit of a background on their history in the field. What to Do After Getting a Letter Provided the applicant gave the letter writer enough time before the application deadline, there are a few things the applicant should do after receiving his or her recommendation letter. First things first - applicants should read the letter and make sure none of the information in it is erroneous or contradicts other parts of their application. If an error is spotted, its perfectly acceptable to ask the writer to have another look and inform them of the mistake.  Secondly, its very important that applicants write a thank you letter, note, or some sort of gesture of gratitude toward the faculty member or colleague who wrote the letter - this little thanks goes a long way in maintaining important professional connections in a related field (since most letter writers should be affiliated with the field of study the applicant is pursuing).Finally, applicants must not forget to send the letter with their graduate school applications. It may seem obvious, but the number of times these vital pieces of paper fall to the wayside in the chaos of applying bears repeating: do not forget to send the recommendation letter.

How Did Deng Xiaoping Justify the Introduction of Capitalism Into a Essay

How Did Deng Xiaoping Justify the Introduction of Capitalism Into a Socialist State - Essay Example In this case, he advocated for the introduction of market reforms though the future of these plans had already sparked a lot of negative signs prior to its introduction. From a closer scrutiny of the Xiaoping’s approach to the entire situation, it can be argued that he was not well motivated to steer the entire program to its completion. However, it is important to note that the leader was much more concerned with making the process work despite the negatives. Deng Xiaoping justified the introduction of capitalism into a socialist state by virtue that the peasants had spent a great deal of their time saving the amounts of produce produced to themselves as opposed to selling them to the free market. In the opinion of Deng Xiaoping, the entire would be better off if they handled both the profits and losses from their businesses. If collective responsibility would be adopted in the society, Deng Xiaoping believed that the entire country would be more productive for the reason tha t all persons would be careful not to incur any form of losses, as compared to shared profits and losses. The same case would apply for the industrial sector; in that if the factories incurred losses, they would find their own way of dealing with the blunders made. In this view point, Xiaoping’s need to come up with policies of capitalism in this socialist state was to awaken the aura of responsibility among its citizens. On another point of view, Xiaoping aimed at creating a conducive environment for the investors to come into the country. Though a lot of profits went to hands of a few persons, Xiaoping was contented with the fact that the country was undergoing a form of awakening from the fact that profits and losses were not collectively shared, but all investors whether the rich and the poor had to make all initiatives to deal with the current tough economic drawback. In turn, the society resulted into a mass of hardworking persons, all with the aim of pulling their own efforts together for their success. It can debatably be indicated that the validation of the overture of capitalism into a socialist China regime can be accredited to the fact that Xiaoping was looking for a lifelong resolution to the depression that was being experienced in the country. Xiaoping was certainly setting a ground for capitalism roots, through the move faced a lot of critics. In my standpoint, I am of the outlook that this aspect has a lot to contribute to the transition of the country from free enterprise to socialism. The prospects of privatization, in his opinion would create a new aura in the citizens who would be keen in all endeavors they make in terms of economic developments and investors. It cannot be ignored that the leader was not bound to stop at anything, an explanation of the fact that he named his policy, socialist market economy, which clearly was inclusive of capitalist policies despite the title. In your opinion, to what extent had these pro-market app roaches affected CCP's capacity to control the Chinese society? In an attempt to deal with all these changes that were taking place in the country, CCP's capacity to

Delivering Benefits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Delivering Benefits - Essay Example Having multiple health-care plans is important for FedEx in slowing down increases in the cost of benefits in the following ways: Firstly, having the wellness center within the facilities where FedEx employees are trained and advised will enable the company reduce health-insurance costs significantly because the programs help in instilling greater health awareness among its employees. Secondly, we are told the FedEx have a disease management preprogram that provide health care advice to employee suffering from diseases such as arthritis, asthma, and diabetes. This program certainly enables employees understand their health condition and how to manage the diseases thereby reducing unnecessary expenses that would have otherwise been spent on health care service. Thirdly, the nurses’ telephone hotline available for employees who want to seek health care advice on minor illnesses is also important as far as reducing the cost of benefits is concerned. This is because the hotlines enables employees to get quick heath care services from professionally trained nurses thereby reducing the expenses that would be spent if the services were not provided in time (Robert and Jackson 24). This, in turn, reduces the health care cost of benefits to FedEx. Disease management might help a lot with health benefit cost in a number of ways. Firstly, the objective of the program is to minimize the effects of diseases such as arthritis, asthma, and diabetes through screening and preventive care. This is because these diseases are deadly and are likely to burden an organization financially if an employee is left to seek treatment services from the hospital. As such, having the disease management programs within the company will help employees with such illnesses better manage and treat the diseases in time. This reduces the costs that would have otherwise been spent if a patient were left to seek medication from hospitals (Robert and Jackson 26). Training programs such as

BUSSINESS PLAN (GATEWAY TO SNOWTOWN) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

BUSSINESS PLAN (GATEWAY TO SNOWTOWN) - Essay Example In order to reverse this abysmal trend, my plan proposes the design and implementation of a project that will establish two main gateway signs, to be located in two strategic sites in the town. The overall rationale behind this decision is to present Snowtown to commuters before their entry into the district. It will also serve as a quick reference to what is on offer and where it can be obtained within the premise of the city. The project envisages beyond given the town an aesthetic phase lift to also providing a one stop coordinating network of the town’s iconic and signing outlay. To be incorporated in the project is the construction of public services centers at definite locations within the overall framework of the project. Snowtown by virtue of her location is the most preferred route for road users commuting to and fro Adelaide and Port Piere. Owing to this significant advantage, it is incumbent on the city planners to identify how to enhance the comparative advantage of this phenomenon within the established context of road transport. A recent survey indicates that, most travelers know little or nothing about this boisterous town besides cruising through it to their intended destinations. The project therefore, desires to embark on a massive publicity campaign that will showcase the township as an appealing tourism destination that will treat visitors to a delightful exhibition of the rich cultural heritage of Snowtown. It will serve as a platform to tap into the vibrant agricultural legacy for which the township is reputed for. In the case of Snowtown, besides the conventional road signage, there is a conspicuous gap in the provision of other equally relevant information outposts that presents the town in a unique fashion with the view of marketing it. In recognition of the above fact, there has been a remarkable move by government in recent times to explore within available provisions to pursue viable programmes that spurs sustainable economic

Jefferson, Madison, and the War of 1812 Coursework

Jefferson, Madison, and the War of 1812 - Coursework Example Britain blocked American shipping vessels in order to stop supply of goods to France. France also imposed trade restrictions on neutral countries prohibiting trade with Britain. Britain’s impressment actions, which entailed forcing Americans to work on the British ships, also angered the Americans. The Royal Navy searched American ships for illegal goods and deserters who left the Royal Navy to work in American ships. In addition, Britain supported the Native American communities to resist American westward expansion. Thomas Jefferson sought to protect US interests by restricting trade with both Britain and France through the Embargo Act (Ward, 254). However, this act was very unpopular as it hurt severely the American economy. A group of new congress members, ‘the War Hawks’ put more pressure on President Madison to declare war on Britain. The war produced mixed results for America (Ward, 244). The Ghent peace treaty did not resolve the impressment problems and enhance maritime rights. However, American victories in the Atlantic was a sign of American future power. The War was a loss to the ‘War Hawks’ who hoped for annexation of Canada. The big losers were First Nations and Tecumseh who hoped to end American

Stategic Management of Human Resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Stategic Management of Human Resources - Essay Example But today, personnel departments are replaced or merged with the human resources departments; (Is there a difference between human resources and the personnel department) hence the demarcation between the two functions has been eliminated. Therefore, now personnel departments in addition to recruiting and selecting personnel, it maintains employee records, helps in career development and training of employees, handles and enforce all kinds of laws and regulations as put forward by the state administration, and moreover, also deals with individual and unionized employees in their personnel actions. The staffing function of personnel department has three parts to it namely, selecting, hiring and training. After the organizing function of the management determines the places and the jobs that are critical for the organization performance of its functions, the role of staffing comes into play. Thus, personnel managers recruit a new pool of individuals from outside if they see no internal fillings can be done. The recruiting may begin with the ad for a job vacancy, referral etc. The short listed applicants are screened through interview and other tools that are used t evaluate such as projective techniques etc. Management discharges, dismissals, transfers are also a part of it. The handling of personnel records help the company generate weekly or monthly activity records for these to be monitored, in light of all the rules, regulations and the ordinance requirements put forth. Various documentation that is required as a part of daily operating process such as subpoenas, employment verifications and also the unemployment compensation is handled. Besides, evaluation of employees and the maintenance of data is also handled as a part of record and data base of the employees by this department. In short, it has all the classified information of all the employees that are a part of the company be it temporary, permanent, seasonal, or part time etc. Another issue that relates to the function of the personnel department is the workers compensation. Normally, under the worker compensations acts as different states' requirements puts responsibility on the personnel department. This requires the personnel department to determine the compensation - weekly, monthly or the daily wage basis. Besides, benefits such as compensation for permanent or temporary disabilities, work related injuries, other than that medical, vocational rehabilitation, insurance, or other kind of benefits for the family members of the workers is also managed by the personnel managers. It also handles workers' compensation claims, issues related to sick or annual leave, etc. Fringe benefits are also administered under this role. One of the primary functions of the personnel department is the training of employees and the workers. This helps the employees achieve the maximum level of competency and assist employees that lack in certain areas to polish and brush up their skills. The training may be aimed at conducting work out sessions for employees at the entry level position and also the managers as they climb up the ladder. The

Safety and Security in the Gas and Oilfield Industry Research Paper

Safety and Security in the Gas and Oilfield Industry - Research Paper Example To reckon, there were a hundred of foreign hostages at Nigeria working for an oil company in its four rigs when labor disputes heightened in a May 2003 election. The war between Israelites and Palestine, albeit dealt for peaceful negotiation by the United Nations have also security implications for multinational oil companies operating in the region. In some regions inhabited by rebel and extremist groups, oil and gas companies are the target of terroristic attacks and exaction of money by rebel groups with the aim of weakening its operation. Trim and Caravelli (2009) explained that strategizing for security management will help develop resiliency and reduce vulnerabilities in gas and oil industry. This can be undertaken by developing a blueprint of national and corporate security, intelligence effort, and disaster/emergency planning enforcement. Trim and Caravelli (2009) professed that there are wide range of perspectives, disciplines, and mechanism that can be optimized by security managers but these certainly require human resources composed of security and intelligence experts, law enforcers, disaster and emergency managers, good relation with policymakers, networking with police and military enforcers, and good correlation with civil society and the academe. The strategy will also include counter-terrorism strategies and hence require national security strategists, security management reform and comprehensive security evaluation and planning which is also attuned to disaster and emergency management policies and practices (Trim and Caravelli, 2009). It is presupposed that oil and gas development is a major contribution to the economic boom in a country. Oil and gas companies must partner with a domestic government for disarmament and demobilization in the country where there are active extremist and rebel groups fighting against the government (Trim and Caravelli, 2009).

Children Language Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Children Language Development - Essay Example Traditionally, before a child could turn eighteen months after birth, there are manifestations that the child is already introduced with naming insights. Although children usually pass this at various times, parents, most of the times, hardly notice it since they assume that it is just normal since things have really their names. I would like to agree that naming insight, indeed, sets the stage for vocabulary explosion. For most of the youngster, this naming discovery could be really shocking as proven by those kids to arrive at this stage at a later phase. One famous example would be Helen Keller. She was blind and deaf since she was two years of age, thus, naming insight as a stage of her development was really a tough challenge to pass through. When she was six years old, her pre school teacher asked her to put her hand under flowing water. And she was also asked to spell out w-a-t-e-r. She realized since then that "the mystery of language was revealed to her." For the past decades, researchers have already language as a natural part of evolutionary processes. And language, with no doubt plays a vital role in our own development; and we know that naming insight is actually the start of such. Naming insight can be the beginning of vocabulary explosion since a child already has the idea of naming things, thus, there is already a concept of words or vocabulary, at that sense. If a child is exposed to a lot of things, along with their respective names, there is of course a high tendency of a vocabulary explosion on the part of the child. Even a single or an indirect exposure to a novel word, for instance, already gives information that we could use in mapping the word going to its referent. Naming sigh has been proven by a number of studies to be a factor in the explosion of a child's vocabulary. A child can learn a word only after hearing it once from the people around him or her. There are actually researches claiming that children can gain new insights into language and words when they reach their eighteenth month, on the average. Most of the researches of this field things that children actually realize two things. First, words are used to name for objects; and second, every object has its own name (Gopnik & Meltzoff, 1997). This is called naming insight. The process of naming insight actually happens before a child can utter a word that represents an object. The child, in this specific stage, is just starting to learn the things that are around him or her and later on realizes that everything in the environment is given a name. The names, later on are learned by a child as he or she hears them from the people around. The beginning of vocabulary explosion is an important event for a child. It is with no doubt that naming insight preludes the vocabulary explosion since this is the stage before the child can finally utter his or her words. After the naming sight stage, particular names come popping out of children like stars as a result of fireworks. Some of common words are mommy, daddy, milk, and so on. Also, if under the vocabulary explosion, the child can also acquire more words that he or she often hears from the environment. The more frequent a word is uttered, the higher the

Debate on Health Care Management Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Debate on Health Care Management - Term Paper Example The paper is subdivided in sections including the introduction, the main body, the conclusion and eventually recommendation. The introduction introduces the subject matter to be handled in the discussion. The body analyzes various health care scenarios and their implications on the current problems affecting the industry. The conclusion captures the main points discussed in the body and the recommendations highlights the changes to be made on the industry to make it better. Introduction Everybody in the society aspires to receive the best medical care whenever she or he needs. This is not achievable to everyone because access to quality healthcare comes at a cost. On the other hand, the world is continuously changing but the healthcare system used by majority of Americans was created in the 1940s. During that time, Americans did not change their jobs frequently, as is the case today. In addition, the number of retirees was low, which meant that the retiree benefits were not costly to the employer. This has changed and coupled with increasing life expectancy, employers are finding it hard to offer retiree benefits. The cost of provision of quality healthcare has been escalating over the years, which means that most people cannot afford it. Enacting of changes such as leading health lives will result in trimming the costs involved in the provision of these services (Shortell & Kaluzny, 2006). Scenario 1: Business as Usual The fluctuations between the government intervention and the market fixes on health care policies affect the efforts at cost containment in the health industry. The government through its health care policies has increased the population of the organized health care plans, increasing the competition in the health care industry. The government has facilitated this through eliminating certain laws, which banned selective contracting. The managed care systems supported by the United States government imposes prices for purchasing the services and t he cost the providers get paid (Fuchs, 1988). Multiple payments, health delivery and insurance schemes as well as the health care being financed by both the public and the government have led to high health costs in the country. This system of health care system is expensive because the government cannot effectively manage the total health expenditure, affecting service utilization and heath care availability (Fuchs, 1988). The health care providers in the industry strive to maximize the reimbursement of the government for the services delivered to the managed care organizations. In contrast, the government seeks to contain the cost increases in the industry; thus, there exists counteractive forces among the players negatively influencing the efforts to contain costs. The cost containment has remained a primary challenge in the country (Major Characteristics of U.S. Health Care Delivery, n.d). The health care market responded to the government interventions, which increased competit ion in the industry by initiating price discounts on the health care services that they offered to their clients. The rising cases of obesity besides the swift expansion of the providers make health care spending to rise. The gains made in managing the chronic diseases through developments and innovations in technology and

Human Resources Management 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Human Resources Management 4 - Essay Example After implementing the policy of casual dress policy, Digital Device started to face few issues. The employee’s behavior became more casual with the clients resulting in complaints to the sales manager. The Casual dress should be allowed but there should also be certain rules and regulations with respect to casual dressing among the employees. The policy should be revised in accordance with the HR manager and list of approved and not approved items. However after implementing the casual dress policy and revising it again after few months might not be acceptable for the employees and they might not agree to the revised list as to which of the type of casual dress to be followed. It is very important to communicate the changes that are to be taken place in the organization to its respective employees. Here the HR department plays a vital role as it is the duty of the HR to communicate the revised policy to the employees. The revised policy can be communicated personally to each department by conducting meetings with the respective teams by the HR head. This might have a positive impact on the employees rather than just sending mails and listing the revised policy in the notice board. The policy of losing the job if one found to be guilty of smoking or stealing has been practiced in most of the organizations. The new policy treat cigarettes as an illegal narcotic and aims to adopt a free smoker free workplace. If the policy is mentioned in the contract before joining the organization it can be viewed to be legal and very much ethical. The organizations aim to provide with a healthy working area and also ensuring proper health of the employees. At Health Unlimited each of the employees is required to sign a statement stating that the employee is a non smoker and will not smoke either at work or away from work. It was also stated that if anybody found guilty would be discharged from the job.

Invitro Fertilization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Invitro Fertilization - Essay Example There is no other life experience matching the birth of a baby in importance and significance. It is usually a devastating experience when couples wishing to start a family realize that they have to contend with fertility problems. For many such couples, in vitro fertilization has been a preferred solution as it gives them hopes of having their own child (Anderson, Haimovici, Ginsburg, Schust &Wayne, 2007). The first in vitro procedure that was successful was carried out in 1977 and thousands of happy and healthy children have been born each year since then. Infertility is a couples’ inability to have a kid or become pregnant with regardless of the cause after the duration of one year of having unprotected sex using no birth control methods. Infertility affects about six million people in the United States of America which accumulates to about ten percent of men and women of reproductive age. New and advanced technologies that help women become pregnant are in vitro fertilization (IVF), gamete intrafallopian transfer, zygote intrafallopian transfer, subzonal sperm injection, partial zona dissection, embryo cryopreservation and intracytoplasmic sperm injection among others. Assisted reproductive technology is generally accepted treatment for infertile women suffering from endometriosis. Presence of an ovarian endometrial cyst works towards the reduction of the quality of oocytes. The surgical resection of endometrioma reduces the ovarian reserve for ovarian stimulation by exogenous gonadotropins. In vitro fertilization is a process whereby the ova is removed from a woman’s body, fertilized in the laboratory with her partner’s sperm and returned to her uterus with hopes of fostering pregnancy. Some practitioners use in vitro fertility combined with pre implantation genetic diagnosis as a treatment for recurring

Assessment 1 The Report supply chian magement (SM2038) Essay

Assessment 1 The Report supply chian magement (SM2038) - Essay Example Supply chain management is deeply involved in the successful achievement of desired levels of productivity and profitability by any company or organization. One of the key factors of supply chain management process is purchasing. Gadde and Hakansson (1993) found that purchasing is seen as one of the key strategic functions to be performed by the management of any organization in order to achieve market domination in a competitive market. In my view, selection of suitable suppliers for a company is critically importance because suppliers are directly involved in the manufacturing process of any product as they supply the raw material to the company which plays its part while setting up the price for a product. Suppliers often charge different prices to the parts of the products that they supply to a company. A company should always select a supplier who should deliver the raw material and required parts of a product at an economical price to the company because it is very important for a company to set a competitive price for any product. And competitive prices can only be set up if cost of manufacturing of a product is less than then actual price of that product in the market. Ford (2002) found that the objective of selecting a suitable supplier in order to cut down the manufacturing cost of a product can be achieved by analyzing previous performances of various suppliers. Ayers (2001) found that the analysis regard ing suppliers should be based on the suppliers’ credibility, quality of the raw material that the suppliers provide to the company, and the price at which they supply the raw material. After a complete analysis, the purchasing manager should select a trustworthy and most credible supplier. Price of a product is always set up by determining the actual manufacturing cost of the product. If a company wants to achieve

Human Resources Management 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Human Resources Management 4 - Essay Example After implementing the policy of casual dress policy, Digital Device started to face few issues. The employee’s behavior became more casual with the clients resulting in complaints to the sales manager. The Casual dress should be allowed but there should also be certain rules and regulations with respect to casual dressing among the employees. The policy should be revised in accordance with the HR manager and list of approved and not approved items. However after implementing the casual dress policy and revising it again after few months might not be acceptable for the employees and they might not agree to the revised list as to which of the type of casual dress to be followed. It is very important to communicate the changes that are to be taken place in the organization to its respective employees. Here the HR department plays a vital role as it is the duty of the HR to communicate the revised policy to the employees. The revised policy can be communicated personally to each department by conducting meetings with the respective teams by the HR head. This might have a positive impact on the employees rather than just sending mails and listing the revised policy in the notice board. The policy of losing the job if one found to be guilty of smoking or stealing has been practiced in most of the organizations. The new policy treat cigarettes as an illegal narcotic and aims to adopt a free smoker free workplace. If the policy is mentioned in the contract before joining the organization it can be viewed to be legal and very much ethical. The organizations aim to provide with a healthy working area and also ensuring proper health of the employees. At Health Unlimited each of the employees is required to sign a statement stating that the employee is a non smoker and will not smoke either at work or away from work. It was also stated that if anybody found guilty would be discharged from the job.