Stuxnet free essay sample

Eventual fate of Cyber War David Adams Legal and Ethical Issues in Computing CIS 4253 The revelation in June 2010 that a digital worm named ‘Stuxnet’ had struck the Iranian atomic office at Natanz proposed that, for digital war, what's to come is currently. However increasingly significant is the political and key setting wherein new digital dangers are rising, and the impacts the worm has created in this regard. Maybe most striking is the conjunction between digital wrongdoing and state activity. States are benefiting from innovation whose advancement is driven by digital wrongdoing, and maybe redistributing digital assaults to non-inferable outsiders, including criminal associations. Digital offers extraordinary potential for hitting at foes with less hazard than utilizing conventional military methods. It is indistinct how much the Stuxnet program cost, yet it was very likely not exactly the expense of single contender aircraft. However in the event that harm from digital assaults can be immediately fixed, cautious key idea is required in contrasting the expense and advantages of digital versus customary military assault. We will compose a custom article test on Stuxnet or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page One significant advantage of digital assault might be its more prominent chance to accomplish objectives, for example, hindering the Iranian atomic program without making the death toll or injury guiltless regular people that air strikes would appear to be bound to deliver. In any case, digital assaults do convey a danger of blow-back, with a danger of political blowback if the assaulting parties are recognized. Trouble in distinguishing a digital assailant presents different cerebral pains for reacting. A key hazard in digital assault, at long last, lies in potential escalatory reactions. Systems for utilizing digital weapons like Stuxnet need to consider that foes may endeavor to turn them back against us. The disclosure in June 2010 that a digital worm named ‘Stuxnet’ had struck the Iranian atomic office at Natanz recommended that, for digital war, what's to come is currently. Stuxnet has clearly contaminated more than 60,000 PCs, the greater part of them in Iran; different nations influenced incorporate India, Indonesia, China, Azerbaijan, South Korea, Malaysia, the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, Finland and Germany. The infection keeps on spreading and contaminate PC frameworks by means of the Internet, despite the fact that its capacity to do harm is presently restricted by the accessibility of compelling remedys, and an inherent lapse date of 24 June 2012. (McMillan, 2010) Stuxnet is a complex PC program intended to infiltrate and build up power over remote frameworks in a semi self-governing design. It speaks to another age of ‘fire-and-forget’ malware that can be pointed in the internet against chose targets. Those that Stuxnet focused on were ‘air gapped’; at the end of the day, they were not associated with the open Internet and infiltration required the utilization of middle person gadgets, for example, USB sticks to get entrance and set up control. Utilizing four ‘zero-day vulnerabilities’ (vulnerabilities already obscure, so that there has been no an ideal opportunity to create and convey patches), the Stuxnet worm utilizes Siemens default passwords to get to Windows working frameworks that run the WinCC and PCS 7 projects. These are programmable rationale controller (PLC) programs that oversee mechanical plants. The virtuoso of the worm is that it can strike and reinvent a PC target. (Garza, 2010) Some media reports erroneously thought the Iranian light-water power reactor at Bushehr was additionally an objective. Iran affirmed that Stuxnet contaminated PCs there while denying that much harm was exacted. (Yong, 2010) But Bushehr appears to be a far-fetched target, on the grounds that the plutonium delivered by such light-water reactors isn't appropriate for weapons purposes. The more probable objective is Irans uranium-advancement program. Albeit a large portion of the 4,000â€5,000 axes working to date at the pilot and mechanical scale fuel-improvement offices at Natanz have been creating just low-advanced uranium, similar rotators could be put to use to deliver exceptionally enhanced uranium for weapons. On the other hand, and in an almost certain situation, it is expected that Iran could be working mystery axis offices to deliver exceptionally improved uranium. The way in to the Stuxnet worm is that it can assault both known and obscure axes. In spite of the fact that there is no hard proof that Stuxnet has presented Ahmadinejad to open analysis that the administration neglected to capability safeguard key establishments, digital can in any case be a device to dishonor, destabilize and debilitate the authority of antagonistic systems. Digital likewise offers incredible potential for hitting at foes with less hazard than utilizing conventional military methods. For instance, North Korea presents dangers other than through its atomic program. It is included, for instance, in broad falsifying. Digital assault offers potential choices that may demonstrate powerful in countering such crime. Digital is, in addition, less expensive than conventional military activity. It is indistinct how much the Stuxnet program cost, however it was more likely than not exactly the expense of single warrior aircraft. Outsiders as of now working together with a state could possibly be held under close control. Criminal gatherings are soldier of fortune. They may well sell their administrations twice. Redistributing to the black market is a dangerous incline.

MANY TIMES NOVELS,MOVIES HAVE LIFE CHANGING EFFECTS ON THEIR Movie Review

Ordinarily NOVELS,MOVIES HAVE LIFE CHANGING EFFECTS ON THEIR AUDIENCE.EXPLAIN HOW A SPECIFIC OR NOVEL HAS HAD A POSTIVE EFFECT ON YOUR LIFE - Movie Review Example After being discharged to video, and afterward DVD, numerous stores would not convey it available to be purchased or lease, including Blockbuster and Walmart. It has been my experience that a great many people who hold an assessment of this film hold a supposition dependent on the debate it produced as opposed to the substance of the film itself. Since this appears to be a not exactly dynamic approach to frame a feeling, I chose to watch it and structure a sentiment dependent on what the film is by all accounts going to me. The Last Temptation of Christ has had an enduring impact upon my life for its substance, however as a strategy for demonstrating that misled popular assessment can have an enduring and harming heaps of workmanship that stretch out into time and structure. The dissent against the film bases on the evidently godless characteristics it contains, including Jesus wedding and having youngsters. In reality, the film includes an area wherein Jesus weds and has youngsters. Be that as it may, a long way from being disrespectful, these scenes feature Jesus' consecrated characteristics since they happen inside a dream His keep going enticement on the cross. The purpose of the film is that Jesus denies the enticement and acknowledges his strategic savior. At the end of the day, Jesus is courageous! A long way from being godless, the film is very traditionalist in its adherence to strict creed.

Essay --

Barely any individuals know be that as it may, the greater part of americans own an Apple item. The gigantic tech organization was established on April 1, 1976 by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak. The organization was later fused on January 3, 1977. Apple is known as one of the most trend setting innovation organizations in the United States. Apple is behind the biggest innovative unrest ever. Apple has set itself over all other innovation organizations. The organization has a specific method of leaving clients as eager and anxious as ever hanging tight for the best in class Apple item. Steve Jobs and Steven Wozniak had been companions since secondary school, and the two of them were keen on gadgets. After the two of them dropped of school, them two end up in a calling identified with gadgets. Occupations found a new line of work at Atari, and Wozniak at HP. Wozniak had been the underlying fashioner for the absolute first Apple PC. Occupations had an eye for the future and persuaded Wozniak that they should sell the PC. Before long enough on April 1, 1976, Apple had started. Initially individuals didn't pay attention to Apple very. In 1977 anyway Apple presented the Apple II, that when the organization took off. The presentation of the Apple II opened entryways for the organization. It was the principal PC with a hard plastic external shell, it additionally was the primary PC that had shading designs. The Apple II was essentially the beginning of the organization. Something else that helped the organization in 1978 was the Apple Disk II, which was only a simple, rea sonable floppy drive. With all the business rising, the organizations numbers started to ascend also. In 1980 Apple had two or three thousand representatives. 1980 was additionally the year Apple discharged its most recent PC the Apple III. It was in 1979 when Jobs and a couple of architects started taking a shot at ... ...that got the permitting felt that Apple was excessively prohibitive on their understandings. As the years progressed, Apples large issue was selling the PCs, however constructing them. In June of 1995, Apple had more than one billion dollars worth of delay purchases, and didn't have the materials to manufacture them. On the present issues Apple was confronting, Windows had discharged its most recent rendition of its product, Window ‘95, which was excessively like the Mac but then increasingly shortsighted. Quite soon Spindler was approached to leave because of significant misfortunes the organization confronted when Apple had posted lost sixty-8,000,000 dollars because of a misinterpret of the market. Spindler was supplanted by Gil Amelio, who was beforehand the leader of the National Semiconductor. Through 1996 and part of 1997 Ameilo gave a valiant effort to assist Apple with bringing back is benefit, however at long last his endeavors were ineffective.

Relationships with the Dead in Wordsworths We Are Seven and Hardys Di

Associations with the Dead in Wordsworth's We Are Seven and Hardy's Diggingâ â [One] can outlive demise not in a celestial after life yet just in a human one. In the event that the writer passes on or overlooks his cherished, he kills her (Ramazani 131); Thomas Hardy's conviction of the artist's obligation of recognition builds up the reason for his, Ah, Are You Digging on My Grave?. [Fearing] he deserted his own better half before her demise, Hardy composed the sonnet to expect the remembrance obligations of the writer (Ramazani 131). While Hardy attempts to make up for his wrongdoings by consistently lamenting over his dead spouse, the fuel behind William Wordsworth's We Are Seven, is an issue of being and presence (Trilling 57). This inquiry comes from the reality that nothing was more hard for [Wordsworth] in youth than to concede the idea of death as a state pertinent to his own being (Noyes 60). Regardless of the boundlessly various expectations of the artists, Hardy and Wordsworth both portray connections between the living and the dead in their sonnets; be that as it may, while Hardy cleverly ridicules how the living overlook the dead, Wordsworth exhibits a kid's refusal to recognize the dead as being gone. In their sonnets, Hardy and Wordsworth both evoke the utilization of discussion; in any case, the anecdotal discussion in Ah, Are You Digging on My Grave?, differentiates the non-anecdotal exchange in We Are Seven. Solid's sonnet utilizes the song show of 'The Unquiet Grave'- a discourse among living and dead (Johnson 48), for this situation, between a perished lady and her canine; Wordsworth's sonnet comprises of a genuine encounter he had with a young lady when he went through Europe. Strong's ability to utilize free voices for the proposed motivation behind making... ...ument Wordsworth raises, the young lady answers, Nay, we are seven! (Wordsworth 1333). She comes up short on the capacity to acknowledge passing and this [absence] of mindfulness [makes] the sonnet so contacting (Drabble 51). What started as a straightforward ordinary discussion completed as an educational and to some degree enthusiastic sonnet. Wordsworth, through a genuine discussion, presents the lack of clarity and perplexity which in adolescence go to our thought of death, or rather our powerlessness to concede that idea' (Noyes 60). In direct difference to Wordsworth, who didn't plan to writie a profound, significant sonnet, Hardy knew precisely what he needed to achieve by stating, Ah, Are You Digging on My Grave. People also effectively expel the dead from their recollections, and Hardy needed to scold his perusers of the significance of recalling the dead; in light of the fact that the dead are gone, they ought not be overlooked.

The Daily Life of a President Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Daily Life of a President - Research Paper Example Employment of a president incorporates â€Å"chairing gatherings, setting motivation, delegating panels and guaranteeing their appropriate working, and regulating the board administrator† (Stafford). What to discussion of the dinners, even the morning meal of a president is barely ever taken in a private setting. Regularly, the president needs to go to breakfast out of the house. Such news are normal of a president; â€Å"Georgian Collegeâ employees are welcome to go to a President’s Breakfastâ at the Barrie, Midland, Orillia andOwen Soundâ campuses† (â€Å"Have Breakfast†). Consistently, the president needs to manage unanticipated issues and be available past the workplace time to settle on choices of national and universal essentialness. This for all intents and purposes includes the president in the activity intellectually, if not truly for full 24 hours in light of the fact that most presidents can not get away from their activity even in thei r fantasies. The day of a president begins with the individual secretary’s report, who performs the night responsibility to make note of all news, calls and messages for the president that may show up in the night while the president is dozing. While he is conveyed a glassful of new squeeze or bed-tea as may loved by the president in the bed, the individual secretary portrays the report and the two talk about how to adjust the calendar to join the changes. The secretary additionally affirms the quantities of flights, time of flights. He likewise checks if the pre-flight courses of action have been made to all neighborhood and abroad visits. The president eats with the family, on the off chance that he is saved the open door by the neighborhood clergymen, government authorities or remote priests. An overwhelming breakfast familiarizes the president with all the vitality that is required during the day. After the morning meal, the president embarks to show up at some school, em ergency clinic or gathering. He could possibly go with his better half with him on such visits. In a dominant part of cases, presidents take their spouses alongside them to the initial services. On his way to the function or meeting, the president will in general take a starter in-sight to the discourse arranged for him by the individual discourse creator. Most presidents delegate an individual with remarkable vocal aptitudes for this reason. The discourse is scarcely ever perused totally and altogether by the presidents as they are such a significant number of and must be made at a considerable amount of spots every day. Every so often, a president may encounter trouble perusing a discourse if the words are printed wrongly. The president’s visit adds tones to the significance of a function and it is gotten the lime-light. The president might be offered buffet at the area of service for lunch. After the function, the president continues towards the question and answer session for explaining public’s questions over the requirement of ongoing adjustments in the guidelines and guidelines. A president takes the question and answer session as a chance to explain the disarrays that may have developed in the brains of the general population and the media now and again and fulfill their inquiries. Public interview is an extremely testing occasion for a president since he needs to live answer the most basic inquiries straightforwardly raised by media’s agents. To aggravate it, the entire meeting is broadcast live and every single feeling of the president is recorded. So as to pick up public’

3 Grammar Mistakes That Make Admissions Officers

3 Grammar Mistakes That Make Admissions Officers 3 Grammar Mistakes That Make Admissions Officers Cringe 3 Grammar Mistakes That Make Admissions Officers Cringe OMG ur nvr gonna believe this but EA deadlinez r rly close. Srsly. And when you’re (not your) in a rush, it can be really tempting to write in shorthand, power through to the end and kiss your essay goodbye. But as scary as the approaching deadline may seem, now is the BEST time to slow down, check your work, and avoid careless errors. After all, your early decision schools are likely your top choices. Hasty writing riddled with mistakes and abbreves isn’t going to cut it, and small errors can really start to add up in the eyes of an admissions officer. “But CEA,” you might be thinking, “what mistakes should I be looking for? How can I possibly comb through every word and weed out every error?” The truth, dear students, is that you may not be able to catch every last mistake, but that doesn’t mean you shouldn’t try. (Note: use double negatives with caution.) Some mistakes are more damaging than others, so to help you prioritize, we’ve put together a list of the grammar faux pas to avoid at all costs. Plus, we’ve pointed out a few so-called “mistakes” that you can let slide without fear. 1. Basic Spelling Issues There are a handful of little everyday words that people mix up all the time because they sound exactly the same (to, too, and two, for example). We totally understand how, when you’re quickly typing out a draft, you might type the wrong word without even thinking about it, but these are the kinds of errors that can make an admissions officer scratch his or her head. Here’s a quick breakdown of some of the most common mix-ups: You’re vs. Your You’re = the contraction form of “you are” (Example: You’re awesome!) Your = the possessive form of “you” (Example: Your cat is awesome!) It’s vs. Its It’s = the contraction form of “it is” (Example: It’s a T-Rex!) Its = the possessive form of “it” (Example: The T-Rex could not scratch its head.) There vs. They’re vs. Their There = a place that isn’t here (Example: My burrito is over there.) They’re = the contraction form of “they are” (Example: They’re going to steal my burrito!) Their = possessive form of “they” (Example: I am going to steal their nachos.) Affect vs. Effect Affect = generally used as a verb (Example: My healthy suggestions affected the school lunch options.) Effect = generally used as a noun (Example: My attempt to make her laugh did not have its intended effect.) 2. Capitalization This is a tricky one! When should a word be capitalized and when should it just be treated like any other word in a sentence? Students have a lot of trouble with capitalization in their college essays because the rules for capitalizing certain academic disciplines, programs, majors, and degrees are not consistent. To help clear up the rules, remember these two simple tips: Your major should only be capitalized in three (3) specific cases: (1) it is a proper noun (like English or East Asian studies), (2) you are referring to the specific name of the department, school or course (like the School of Engineering, the Department of History, or Anthropology 101), (3) it is the first word in a sentence. In all other cases, do not capitalize. Degrees should only be capitalized when you refer to their full formal name, like Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Science, Master of Arts, and so on. 3. Punctuation Problems Hyphens, apostrophes and quotations marks are some of the most commonly used â€" and easily confused â€" punctuations marks that come with their own sets of rules, so listen closely. Hyphens (-) are the dash-like punctuation marks that help you combine individual words into longer threads (like “dash-like”). When you are combining words to form an adjective, they should be hyphenated when they come BEFORE the thing they are describing, but not when they come AFTER. For example: I was a 17-year-old student, BUT: I was 17 years old. Apostrophes are used to make contractions, which combine two words (like you’re and I’m) and possessives, which demonstrate ownership. They are almost never used to make plurals SO DON’T TO IT. For example: I like Beyoncé’s dance moves. They’re awesome. Double quotation marks are the American English standard for designating quotes. Periods and commas should go inside quotation marks. For example: As Beyoncé always says, “I woke up like this.” On the other hand, question marks should go inside the quotation marks if the question is part of the quote and outside if its not. For example: Who said, “Beyoncé isn’t flawless”? 4. Contractions and Informal Language You may have heard that contractions are a no-no in formal writing, and that it’s just not okay to use informal language. Well, we beg to differ. The whole point of the personal statement is for you to speak to admissions in your own voice. We say, use contractions where they feel natural. If you’d rather say “I’m” than “I am” go for it. Of course, you still need to keep in mind that the person reading your essay is evaluating you. Your personal statement should not read like a string of text messages to your friend, but more like an email to a teacher who knows you very well. Informal language is also welcome when it comes in dialogue if it helps you capture the way a person speaks and acts. It’s all a matter of degree, and deciding which risks are worth taking for the sake of your story. As you edit, infuse your essay with vivid details. About Rebecca SemenetzView all posts by Rebecca Semenetz »

Personal SWOT Analysis Memo Essay - 1100 Words

Personal SWOT Analysis Memo (Essay Sample) Content: Insert Name:Course:Tutor:Date:Personal SWOT Analysis MemoSWOT analysis is a crucial resource that should be incorporated into the planning and strategic frame work of organizations. The SWOT process involves the identification of both internal and external factors (negative or positive) for the organization under consideration. Specifically, this implies that it points out the weaknesses and strengths of individuals or an organization. As a manager, it is important to utilize SWOT analysis, for it allows deep understanding of career threats, strengths, weaknesses and career opportunities. Indeed, this understanding acts as a strong weapon, which is used by an individual to improve their performance and achieve desirable results (Wied and Ebers 22). The paper seeks to identify and analyze personal weaknesses, career opportunities, strengths and career threats. In addition, it will highlight career goals to be achieved by the end of five years.SWOT analysis tableStrengt hsGood leadership skillsPossession of good planning and organizing abilitiesNegotiating skillsBeing well trainedDecision making skillsConflict resolutionAbility to initiateResult oriented WeaknessesToo sensitive and can be disappointed easilyLow listening abilitiesLack of certain job skillsBeing a debaterToo helpful and supportive to my juniors OpportunitiesIt is large sector Saving in banks keep on increasing thus encouraging personal savingsGroups, individuals, businesses and organizations use banks, increased opportunityThe public at large has a positive attitude towards the bankIncreased marketing manager opportunities ThreatsSACCOs and other financial institutions coming upPeople releasing importance of investing instead of savingIntroduction of mobile money and saving, competing with banksIncrease of graduates who compete for few marketing manager jobs From the above SWOT analysis, it is clear there are many positive internal factors that facilitative the achievement of person al goals. In addition, there are limited weaknesses meaning the chances of achieving oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s goals as a marketing manager are real (Pahl and Richter 17). The only requirement is to understand the strengths and weaknesses. An individual will go on and capitalize on strengths while minimizing personal weaknesses.At the same time, from the table, it is evident that the external factors overwhelm threats, implying that this job opportunity is favorable (Pahl and Richter 21). An organization needs to adjust appropriately to the suppression of these threats. The latter can be avoided by developing new strategies and skills aimed at benefiting the organization at large. Contributions from individuals can also lead to minimization of weaknesses and threats.Goals 1 Create an opportunity for promotion through quality services and building solid relationship. 2 Improving performance by fully satisfying customers. 3 Adapt and learn new skills that essential for marketing position. 4 Par tnering with other organization for profit maximization....

A Day At the Fair - Personal Narrative Essay - 1092 Words

A Day At the Fair - Personal Narrative It is Thursday, August 24th, the opening day of the Minnesota State Fair. I am here with my family, a friend and his mom, and one of my sister’s friends. It seems so long since last year’s fair. I always look forward to the state fair, even though it’s pretty much the same every year. We park at the same man’s house every year. His house is right behind the mini-donut stand on midway parkway, across the street from the main gate. As we pull into his driveway, I feel a pang of excitement run through me, and when I get out, I can smell it. The smell is familiar, distinctive. When the telltale aroma wafts into my nostrils, I remember why come to this thing every year. We walk over to†¦show more content†¦Main seating is in the middle, bleacher seating is on either end. It is designed as a racing arena, so it is very wide and not good, in my opinion, for concerts. They had to put up large movie screens on both sides of the stage because you can’t see the stage from the bleachers. There is a race every Labor Day, the last day of the fair. You can hear the cars from all over the fairgrounds and it gets really, really annoying after a while. Some artists appearing this year include Christina Aguilera, Goo Goo Dolls, and â€Å"Weird Alâ⠂¬  Yankovic. I plan on seeing Weird Al on Sunday. The part of the Grandstand that we are going to now is the main building. It consists of two floors of merchants selling all sorts of things, from pianos to software to golf clubs to the latest cooking gizmos. A friend of ours works at the Nadachair booth. He is my sister’s friend’s teacher. We usually visit him every year. A Nadachair is basically a cushion for your back with a strap around your waist for extra support. The East Room is just a separate room with more of the same stuff. I usually don’t go there because it is uncomfortably hot in there. The main building and the East Room are under the bleachers. Outside the grandstand is the Corn Roast. They sell grilled corn that is absolutely fabulous. We each grab an ear, then head down the street towards the Giant Slide. The Giant Slide is a green and yellow wavy slide that is about fifty feet tall andShow MoreRelatedSummary Of 12 Years A Slave By Solomon Northup946 Words   |  4 Pagesand sol d as a slave down south in Louisiana. Torn from his family and friends, Solomon Northup endured the cruelties of slavery for twelve years before being returned to freedom through the help of a sympathetic abolitionist. 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Linking his personal experiences as a former special educator, Connor strives to explore the intersection of learning disability, race, andRead MoreEssay on Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass1097 Words   |  5 PagesNarrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass Complete Title: An Exploration of the Relationship between Southern Christianity and Slaveholding as seen in the â€Å"Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave Written by Himself†    Dr. Pautreaux’s comments: What makes this paper memorable is the fact that this student is also a minister. Both his command of the language and his insight as a minister gave this paper a unique view of the narrative.    We can so easily deceive

Rhetorical Analysis of Martin Luther Kings Beyond...

Jamie Mason Ms. Lowe English 1102 TR, 8:25 2 February 2013 A Time to do What is Right In Dr. Martin Luther King’s speech â€Å"Beyond Vietnam—A Time to Break Silence† (1967), Dr. King asserts that the war in Vietnam is totally immoral and has far reaching negative implications not only for Vietnam, but for The United States and the rest of the World as well. Dr. King’s purpose is to make the church leaders he is speaking to aware that the time has come for them to speak out loudly in opposition of the war in Vietnam. He offers many practical reasons for the opposition, as well as spiritual and moral reasons. He then outlines the history of the war in Vietnam, showing that he is not simply preaching about religious ideals. He also makes an†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Then came the buildup in Vietnam, and I watched this program broken and eviscerated, as if it were some idle political plaything of a society gone mad on war†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (8). War is expensive. This is a logical fact with which no one can argue. He also says the war is further crippling the poor in the United States by sending a disproportional number of them to the front lines to die. These arguments work because they point out that even though the war is not happening on our soil, it is having a devastating effect here, especially in poor areas where people cannot afford to be hindered any more than they already are. For these practical and logical reasons, the church should join the opposition. Then Dr. King says that the church should oppose the war simply because it is counter to the ministry of Jesus Christ. He says, â€Å"To me the relationship of this ministry to the making of peace is so obvious that I sometimes marvel at those who ask me why Im speaking against the war† (12). This is an obvious and extremely effective argument, especially among a group of Christian church leaders. Dr. King genuinely believes that the war is in direct opposition to the teachings of Christ and therefore the church must speak out in a united voice against it. Dr. King includes a brief, but poignant history of the war in Vietnam which is important because he needs to prove that he knows and understands the politics of the situation. He successfully proves that TheShow MoreRelatedDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesLine 58 Understanding and Appreciating Individual Differences Important Areas of Self-Awareness 61 Emotional Intelligence 62 Values 65 Ethical Decision Making and Values 72 Cognitive Style 74 Attitudes Toward Change 76 Core Self-Evaluation 79 SKILL ANALYSIS 84 Cases Involving Self-Awareness 84 Communist Prison Camp 84 Computerized Exam 85 Decision Dilemmas 86 SKILL PRACTICE 89 Exercises for Improving Self-Awareness Through Self-Disclosure 89 Through the Looking Glass 89 Diagnosing Managerial Characteristics

A Different Aspects Of Progress - 1040 Words

Different Aspects of Progress The aversion to progress has been apparent through the history of mankind. Through the clever use of satire, three authors each from a different period and unique graphic locations, expose issues related to man’s reluctance to progress. Aristophanes, Hughes and Atwood vary in their respective abilities to change their audience’s minds about the significant issues of their time periods. In the Langston Hughes’ story â€Å"Slave on the Block†, the Carraway family members do not believe that they are racist at all and were very oblivious to their racist tendencies. However, when they met Luther, that changed. They made him dress up like a slave and treated him as a slave. They often asked Luther to sing songs from the days when blacks were still enslaved .An example of this occurs when, â€Å"The Carraways often asked Luther to sing, and he sang. He knew a lot of southern work songs and reels, and spirituals and ballads† (Hughes 26). They made rude and racist remarks without realizing that they had offended Luther and they made him recount the history of slavery for their own satisfaction calling it ‘art’. Of course, that was not art. It was racism. The Carraways believed that they were not racist but they did behave in a nice but derogatory and forceful way to black people. This just goes to show the overt racism against blacks tha t Hughes was exposing during the time period. There were many people who did not know that they were being racist at all. TheShow MoreRelatedMusical Progress Essay1055 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is progress in terms of music? Progress like in anything is innovation, something new or something people have never seen or heard before. When it comes to music so many things have already been done and so many things have been recycled within new pieces of music. In the first half of the 20th century major progress was made in music, this progress was done by composers like George Gershwin and Igor Stravinsky. The two composers although of diverse musical genres and particular time periodsRead More1.1 An explanation of each of the areas of learning and development and how these are interdependent1364 Words   |  6 Pagesthese are the Prime and Specific. Each area is built up of different aspects, which altogether make up the 17 Early Learning Goals. The EYFS also has characteristics that help practitioners understand how the children are learning and what they need to provide to help children progress further. Characteristics help children become motivated and keep trying at the things they are not so good at. The Prime area is split into three different sections. These are Communication and Language, Physical DevelopmentRead MorePortrayal Of The American Girls Professional Baseball League1638 Words   |  7 PagesAmerican values, with each sports film providing a different perspective and more depth to different values. With the frequent ties of historical context, movies draw upon real athletes, situations, and struggles. The historical context further represents social and cultural beliefs during the time of the movie’s setting, helping to portray the past. This paper will discuss several American values identified throughout the movies viewed, whether its progress, freedom, or equality. Through a fictional portrayalRead MoreImproving The Progress Of The Goal978 Words   |  4 Pagesin order to monitor and evaluate the progress of the goal. They also require a target date of completion. Target 7.1 is not a measurable target because we cannot calculate its progress. The language used is very vague. For instance, it states the access to affordable energy services but who will determine what price is considered affordable. Target 7.2 is not a truly measurable target because the language is also quite vague and we cannot evaluate if progress is being made. Essentially, it does notRead MoreTheory Of Evaluator s Practice1164 Words   |  5 PagesTheory in Evaluator s Practice Evaluation theory is a broad term, there are many different theories and models to follow in an evaluation. An evaluator can pick any when doing an evaluation, however each as a ground framework they start with. That starting theory can show up when they first begin an evaluation. However the evaluation determines the theory used to best address the problem or program being evaluated. I interviewed an evaluator, Person A, who explained that every evaluation and assessmentRead MoreAdvancements Of The Early Modern Period Medicine954 Words   |  4 Pageswhether it contributed to European progress. The reason this is, is because in the case of Europe, especially in this time period, power and progress seemed to go hand in hand. In the case of discovery the countries that had the most power led the way in discovering new land, it was this curiosity in expanding power that led to the progress of new worlds and opportunities. The invention of the printing press contributed to providing kn owledge and therefore an aspect of power to people who did not haveRead MoreNeo-Colonialism In Latin America Essay1210 Words   |  5 Pagesmade it a point to imitate European culture and any diversity was impeding progress. In Woods reading, he describes the elite’s mindset, â€Å"desire to emulate Europe thus produced a related aspiration to forge single nations out of the diverse and divided societies that surrounded them. Progress depended on it† (Wood, 90). If South America could not unify into one race as did Europe, then in the eyes of the elites, progress could not be made. To reduce diversity, the elites began a â€Å"whitening process†Read MoreTerrorism : Terrorism And ISIS830 Words   |  4 Pagesestablished Intelligence Community (IC). Along with other world wide powers, the United States has taken swift measures into stopping ISIS through Intelligence means. Proper programs and working methods are used through U.S government agencies to hinder p rogress and further attacks from this terror group. Through analyst work, and proper intelligence gathering protocols, stopping and preventing ISIS working and attacking has, and will continue to be a priority of the entire government and private sectorRead MoreThe Artificial River Response Paper1540 Words   |  7 Pagesprofessor at William and Mary. This compelling book captures and emphasis the success and downfall the Erie canal has brought to the people. Sheriff has a clear notion that â€Å"progress† viewed differently through the eyes of conflicting people and status. What one envisioned the Canal turn out to be fluctuated from another. Progress to them meant in large part men and women take apart an active role in the community that they are in which the construction of the Erie canal consisted of people doing justRead MoreIdentify the Different Types and Different Methods of Assessment Used in Teaching.1339 Words   |  6 PagesQ: Identify the different types and different methods of assessment used in teaching. Provide examples of when and why you would use particular methods of assessment (including peer and self) and how they meet the needs of learners. What are the strengths and limitations of each method? Evaluate how you would involve your learners in the assessment process in your specialist area. A: Without realising it, a teacher /trainer is involving their learners from the initial meeting, when you may use

The Importance Of Sports In Sports - 925 Words

â€Å"Dumb jocks† are learning more from the game than just lifting weights or concocting protein shakes. Sports are more than an opportunity to go outside and burn off some energy. Recreation activities are more than a way to get in shape and maintain a healthy lifestyle. Athletics are a metaphor for life that not only teaches players about the game, but also helps them discover important aspects about themselves. At a young age, I did not realize all the beneficial life lessons that the world of sports has taught me, but as I experience high school athletics, I cherish the advice the game shares with me. Since freshman year, my soccer and basketball coaches have emphasized that I need to focus on only the things I can control. When a ref†¦show more content†¦In life, I cannot count on things to be handed to me. No one will succeed for me or do the work for me. Anything I achieve in life will be due to my own hard work, my own effort, and my own dedication. However, I cannot expect recognition for my successful acts. During the game, I am usually only addressed when I do something wrong and almost never rewarded for the things I do correctly. Sometimes I will receive a pat on the back, but I cannot expect that every time. For example, a goalkeeper is one of the most underappreciated players in soccer. Experiencing the game of soccer through a goalie’s eyes has shown me that people only blame me for not saving the goals that led to a loss. They never think to thank me for helping win the game or for generating a shutout. All of that recognition goes to the offense and defense. Similarly, there will be moments in life when no one grants me the recognition I think I deserve for my actions. I need to be confident and turn to the family and friends I know I can rely on to be proud of my success. That confidence will be essential to my survival in the real world because there will be people out there who only focus on my negatives and disregard my positives. Experiencing the hardships of athletics taught me that I need to maintain a positive attitude throughout the rough times. This is essential to helpingShow MoreRelatedImportance Of Sports In Sports1348 Words   |  6 PagesMy whole life I’ve participated in a variety of different sports. At some point every one of my coaches, no matter the sport, have had to encourage me to try and have a more positive mindset. To me, losing or being bad at a sport hurts more than any physical pain I’ve ever experienced. When I was a small child it took the amount of time to go through a drive through for me to learn and compete with other children in most sports. Athletics just came naturally to me. I remember hearing adultsRead MoreThe Importance Of Sports In Sports1356 Words   |  6 PagesEvery year, millions of people gather in hordes to flood massive football stadiums and crowd in front of seventy-two inch flat screens, beers stacked high and spirits even higher. Football a nd other sports have become woven into the very fabric of our nation, a unifying force and one creating a common ground for people of all different ideas. Yet, the overpayment of professional athletes has societal implications far beyond just income inequality based upon contributions to the national communityRead MoreImportance Of Sports In Sports758 Words   |  4 Pages Sports have always been a part of my life since I was a little kid. My parents urged me to participate in every sport possible to find the best fit for me. Their focus was to have me always stay active with something that I enjoyed. From soccer to softball to basketball, I found that cross country was the sport for me; I fell in love with running. In elementary school mileage club, a program that the school created to get kids to stay active as well as have fun, was a stepping stone into my runningRead MoreThe Importance Of Sports In Sports888 Words   |  4 PagesAs of right now, were seemingly wrapping up what was the craziest NBA off-season in the history of the league. Crazy may not even be the best word to describe it. In fact, momentous may be the ideal word to describe the madness weve witnessed for the past few months. Teams began training camp earlier this week, and 12-time all-star Dwyane Wade  reunited with LeBron James and the Cleveland Cavaliers just two days ago. Normally, when star players make the transition to a new team, questions instantlyRead MoreThe Importance Of Sports In Sports831 Words   |  4 PagesSports are more than just an opportunity to go outside and burn off some energy. They are more than just a way to get in shape and maintain a healthy lifestyle. Athletics are a metaphor for life that not only teaches players about the game, but helps them discover important aspects about themselves. At a young age, I did not realize all the beneficial life lessons that the world of sports has taught me, but as I experience high school athletics, I cherish the advice the game shares with me. SinceRead MoreThe Importance Of Sports In Sports1080 Words   |  5 Pagesseventy percent of kids quit sports by age thirteen due to their parents’ pressure and their excuse is â€Å"it is not fun anymore† (Miner). Parents need to understand there is a difference between encouraging their child’s ability and stressing them out (Braff). Although sports are very enjoyable, I believe that if parents push their kids too hard to be the best in sports, it has a negative effect on how they feel about playing the sport because they will get burned out in the sport and they will end up hatingRead MoreThe Importance Of Sports In Sports1043 Words   |  5 Pagesare my top 5. First – The Aggies running game will allow them to control and dictate the pace of this game. Currently, Texas AM ranks 2nd in the SEC in rushing offense, and Arkansas checks in 6th. They are averaging nearly 38 points per game, and have done some real damage on the ground, rushing for 756 yards in their three contests. The Aggies has 4 RBs, who have already rushed for 100 yards this season, including both RB Kendall Bussey (204) and RB Trayveon Williams (256) who have each gone overRead MoreImportance Of Sports In Sports773 Words   |  4 Pagesteenager, my parents forced me into playing sports with the Catholic Youth Organization (CYO), however, strongly contributed to my overall personal moral development to where I stand today. The goal for participating in sports is to be active, have fun, and to have a positive sport experience through learning and practice of fundamental skills. In a blog entitled †Sports and Moral Development† by Michael W. Austin, he uses the book â€Å"Moral Development and Sport, by Carwyn Jones and Mike McNamee, by discussingRead MoreImportance Of Sports1076 Words   |  5 PagesPlaying sports are incredibly important to improve yourself as a person. First, playing sports helps maintain strong relationships with others. Next, it keeps you in contact with g reat performance levels in school. Finally, participating in sports boosts your self esteem. Continue reading to understand the importance of participating in sports. Playing sports helps maintain close relationships with others. â€Å"Playing sports enable you to create friendships you otherwise might not have formed. SportsRead MoreImportance Of Sport1702 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is interesting about sport? Sport: small word, big concept. The purpose of this essay is to highlight what aspects of sport are interesting, further linking it to a specific discipline. There are many disciplines within sport that are interesting, however, from my point of view, sociology is the most interesting one as it gives a true picture to what sports is like within society, in addition it emphasises the significance of sport in society since the early nineteenth century (Bell, 2009)

Whispered Solution Essay Topics Secrets

Whispered Solution Essay Topics Secrets Looking at ielts sample essays is a superb approach to understand how to improve. Geography is a dynamic subject that's vitally important and pertinent in the world today. Know where your paper should go before you start. After you inform us about all of the paper information, we'll begin trying to find an acceptable writer for your paper. The Pain of Solution Essay Topics Remember your essay is about solving problems, thus a solution ought to be a highlight of the essay. You're able to ask a pro write to aid you with choosing the subject, writing the outline or the total text and with editing and proofreading. Your essay is all but ready! Since you may see, the problem-solution essay is really simple when you know its basic elements. The very first step to writing a problem-solution essay is to recognize the problem which will be discussed. Writing a great problem-solution essay is an essential skill, not just for your career but for your civic-life too. Solution Essay Topics - the Story College degrees reduce the danger of divorce. You don't need to agree with the student to understand their perspective. In terms of the problem solution essay examples, college students may see them on the web. Often they get into a lot of stress to find the right topic for the essay. You're inviting the student to assist you fight that enemy. Major global company organizations should not forget that! Solution Essay Topics Options Thus, the causes and effects appear to be unknown to some. Explain its effects and the reason it's a matter that should be solved. The issue ought to be clearly defined, and the reasons for the problem needs to be identified if at all possible. The area of the problem also has to be described, together with the impacts of the issue and potential consequences of permitting the problem to continue unsolved. The argument with respect to child nutritional difficulties, particularly being overweight, can be managed. Future results of the problem can be utilised as leverage for the call to action. You should support the difficulties with the evidence that you could see in the reliable sources. A societal problem, is additionally a corporate issue. In the event that you still have questions, it is highly advisable to seek advice from your teacher. Tell our experts what sort of homework help on the internet you want to get. As with other essays, people frequently discover that it's challenging to choose a topic particularly when the instructor asks students to produce their own topics. All you will need is a simple topic. Characteristics of Solution Essay Topics The concept is to construct a dedicated community of former tech insiders that are working to correct the digital attention crisis and generate a new model. You should first analyse the question carefully to make sure that you see what you are being requested to do. Putting a kid facing a screen is among the simplest, quickest approaches to make them seem happier in the brief term. Use the aid of true academic experts and receive the service you have earned! But What About Solution Essay Topics? The ideal problem-solution topics are interesting and can be seen from several perspectives, but are likewise not so broad that a remedy to the issue is not possible to imagine. Before starting to program a remedy to your problem, make certain you have lots of examples of the way the solution should respond to various inputs. To put it simply, it describes an issue and suggests a solution. State issue and explain why a solution should be figured out. Identifying an issue and proposing one or more solutions ought to be a vital element in your essay. Advantages or disadvantages to every solution ought to be included, and feasibility of the proposed solutions. You could also check into possible remedies. After you've opted exactly what main problem you want to cure, it's important to select a choice. Top Choices of Solution Essay Topics The web increases the variety of happy long-distance relationships. There are a lot of solutions that should be implemented to handle criminals who reoffend. In fact, lots of smartphone users are in denial about the degree of distraction due to our devices. Whether you're constructing a new feature for an application with millions of users, or in the midst of a whiteboard interview, it's crucial that you have a plan before you get started coding.

Path-Goal Leadership Expectancy Theory Global Leadership - Sample

Question: Discuss about a Case Study for Overview Of Path-Goal Leadership Expectancy Theory Global Leadership theory? Answer: Introduction Volkswagen is a popular car manufacturing organization established in the year of 1937, just before the start of Second World War. The Government of Germany, under the control of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist Party, formed this new state-owned automobile company (History.com 2016). Initially, it was known as Gesellschaft Zur Vorbereitung des Deutschen Volkswagens mbH. But it was changed to Volkswagen Werk or The People's car company later in the same year (Hotten 2016). Because of its historic Nazi connection, Volkswagen's initial sales were comparatively slower than other car manufacturing companies were. However, slowly they started to gain market share by selling 60 percent of their stock to the public only to denationalizing it. In 1972, Volkswagen's model Beetle surpassed the worldwide sales record of Ford Motor Company by selling 15 million vehicles. The popularity and superiority of Volkswagen are critically affected after the Environment Protection Agency accused them of cheating the emission tests. According to EPA, the vehicle company was using a "Defeat Device" in the diesel engines that will change the performance of the engine to improve the results at the time of testing (Goel 2015). The company has also been accused of changing the software on the three-liter diesel engines that were installed on some Porsche, Audi and VW vehicles. These accusations have affected the brand image of the Volkswagen Company as customers are losing their trust on it. Besides, EPA also has the power to fine the company up to $37,000 for each vehicle that is compromised (Hotten 2016). In this way, the total fine amount will rise to $18bn. The organization must take immediate actions to deal with these problems. Otherwise, it will be hard for them to regain their position in the vehicle industry. The management of the company will have to take a major decision to regain the trust of their stakeholders like consumers, Government of US, employees, media and their shareholders. This assignment will focus on several leadership theories that the leaders of the Volkswagen Company can follow before making any future decision about the company. The management will have to find out the type of crisis they are facing right now and its effects on the organization. From the case study, it can be said that the Volkswagen is facing a crisis related to "Organizational Misdeed Management Misconduct." Due to the crisis, the chances are high that the company will face severe reputation threat in the market (Harwati 2013). Therefore, they can adopt some leadership theories to make some positive changes in their organization to gain shareholder confidence in the future. Emotional Intelligence theory, Expectancy Theory and Global Leadership theory are the three theories that can serve the purpose better than any other theories (Hall 2013). Emotional Intelligence theory of leadership will help the leaders of the Volkswagen to monitor and understand the emotions of their shareholders and stakeholders. If they can understand what the shareholders are thinking after the incident, they will be able to implement their plans and decisions according to that. Expectancy theory is another tool that will help the leaders of the company to decide which decision they should make and why that decision is superior to other alternative decisions (Chemers 2014). For example, Volkswagen can offer a huge discount on their vehicles to regain their market position by attracting new customers. They can also ask for an apology from their customers and other stakeholders and then upgrade their vehicles according to the rules and regulations of EPA to re-launch them in the m arket. Expectancy theory will help the organization to choose the right option between those alternatives. The management of Volkswagen must understand that they should work together disregarding their cultural and personal differences to pull the company out of this crisis. Leaders of the company should lead the way and must follow the global leadership methods to unify all the employees under one goal. This report will further focus on describing those leadership strategies and linking them with the current problem of the organization (O'Neil and Drillings 2012). Mathias Mueller, the new chief executive of Volkswagen, already announced that right now their priority is to win back the trust of the customers by leaving no stone unturned. Emotional Intelligence theory, Expectancy Theory and Global Leadership theory can help Mathias Muller and his team to obtain that goal in a proper manner. Discussion and Findings Leaders of the Volkswagen are expected to make some serious decisions to regain their market position and customer trust which is currently falling at an alarming rate. However, they understand the fact that they cannot make a decision and lead the team unless the team or the employees are also agreed with the decision. Because of the "Cheating Emission" case, the senior management also lost the trust of their employees (Krall and Peng 2015). Therefore, they will have to execute some leadership strategies to evaluate the situation so that they can take proper steps to regain the trust of their employees too. Emotional Intelligence theory There is no doubt that the crisis Volkswagen is facing is highly dangerous for their company. Most of the other vehicle companies and customers are assuming that it is the end of the organization as their market share is falling; the brand image has gone down, and even the employees are finding it difficult to keep faith in their senior management. In this condition, the leaders of the organization must come forward and lead the team to help the company. However, this not an easy task to do, therefore, emotional intelligence theory can help those leaders to understand and manage their own emotions and the emotions of the employees around him (Neck and Krishnakumar 2014). According to Daniel Goleman, an American psychologist who is responsible for the popularity of EI theory mentioned five primary elements of emotional intelligence: Self-awareness Self-regulation Motivation Empathy Social skills The more the leaders of Volkswagen will manage these elements, the higher the chances are that they will be able to regain the trust of their employees. Self-awareness A leader should always control his feelings and emotions in front of the other employees because he knows his feelings can affect the people around him. A self-aware leader understands his strengths and weaknesses and can lead according to that. The leaders of the Volkswagen will have to make them fully aware about the situation by increasing self-awareness and knowledge. They can follow two steps to improve their self-awareness. First, they can carry a journal with them to write down their thoughts on the current condition of Volkswagen Company. Second, they will have to slow down their feelings like anger and disappointment to find out the roots of these emotions (Barbuto et al. 2014). The leaders of the Volkswagen must act positively before the employees because their negative attitude will destroy whatever motivation and trust is left to the employees. Self-Regulation The situation of the Volkswagen demands that the leaders must not take any rushed decision (Sadri 2012). They will have to critically analyze the condition of the company and take ample time to find out proper solutions to pull the company out of it. By regulating themselves effectively, the leaders of the company can achieve this goal. Self-regulation requires following two steps, Understanding the value The leaders will have to understand their value and strengths so that their decisions will not compromise at any stage (McCleskey 2014). The leaders should also examine the organizations code of ethics to figure out what is important to the organization now. If they can understand the code of ethics of the company, then they will make right choices. Take the blame The leaders must come forward and accept their mistakes in front of their subordinates and employees (McCleskey 2014). It is possible that they will face consequences, but the result will be positive as they will gain the respect of the employees which is the priority right now. Motivation Before motivating the employees, the leaders must motivate themselves to provide quality work in the organization. Volkswagen needs the best out of their leaders now than ever. Therefore, the leaders must increase their motivation level to meet the requirement of the company. Empathy If the leaders want to win back the respect and trust of the employees, it is important that they exhibit their motto of being empathic with them (Goleman 2013). Having empathy is critical for the leaders of Volkswagen to re-unify the employees and successfully remove the crisis of the organization. Social skills The leaders of Volkswagen must have proper social skills to accept both good news and bad news (Humphrey 2013). Due to the emission test cheating of Volkswagen, conflict between the employees, suppliers and shareholders are rising. That is why the leaders of the company must have proper social skills to handle those conflicts by using conflict resolution methods. Expectancy Theory Expectancy theory is a process that an individual experiences before making a choice. This theory is also called as Motivation theory in organization behavior established by Victor Vroom (Van 2013). This theory also states that increased effort will lead to increased performance. Right now, Volkswagen needs the quality performance of its employees to fight with their current crisis. Therefore, it can be said that expectancy theory will fit their requirement. According to the expectancy theory, good performance can be achieved by these following elements, Presence of right resources Applying appropriate skills and qualified employees for a task Collecting appropriate support to get the job done Instrumentality is an important part of expectancy theory that states that if the performance is up to the mark, then valued outcome can be reached (Dansereau 2013). The leaders of Volkswagen must tell their employees that if they work hard to achieve valued outcome, and then they will get some positive results for themselves also. Instrumentality is affected by following factors, Understanding the relationship between performance and outcomes Keeping trust for those employees who are assigned to complete the task Transparency of the process which will decide who gets what outcome Another important aspect of Expectancy theory is Valence. If the valence is positive, then an employee will decide to attain it rather than not attaining it. For example, if an employee is motivated by money, the management of Volkswagen must announce extra payments for the employees who will work with the leaders to help the company (Alanazi 2013). If the employees are motivated by workplace advantages like additional time offs, then the leaders of the Volkswagen can offer that as a reward for hard work. Last but not the least, other three elements are important when choosing one element over another. Those elements define effort-performance expectancy (EP expectancy) and performance-outcome expectancy (PO expectancy) (Shibl et al. 2013). Effort-performance expectancy will help the leaders to assess whether their efforts will lead to the required performance level or not. On the other hand, performance-outcome expectancy will serve to assess the probability that whether the performance level will help to gain certain outcomes or not. Leaders of Volkswagen must apply these elements in their workforce to find out accurate strategies to focus their effort in the right direction, to execute appropriate performance criteria and to obtain best possible outcomes. However, expectancy theory of motivation has some disadvantages too. This theory does not consider the emotional state of the individuals. Volkswagen and its employees are experiencing a hard time now as their organization is going through a rough time. Therefore, it is obvious that their mental state is not good at all. But to jump out of this situation, it is important to execute some plans as soon as possible. The mental state of the employees can create obstacles while making a decision. Personality, abilities, skills and knowledge are some factors that affect the outcome of the model (Dansereau 2013). Therefore, the Volkswagen Company must not allow its past leaders to take any decision as they are solely responsible for the current condition of the organization. Besides, it is obvious that employees will never share their personal preferences. For example, no employee will admit that money motivates him, or no employee will ask that he will be happy to receive additional time o ff in return for his good work. Therefore, the leaders will have to guess the preferences of the employees based on their body languages. This can be considered as another disadvantage. Global leadership theory The primary objective or Global Leadership theories are to change the mind of the employees so that they can work hard and help the organization to move forward (Dinh et al. 2014). The present condition of Volkswagen Company demands the same from their leaders and employees. However, it is true that Volkswagen has lost the trust of most of its employees because of their Emission Cheat Case. The leaders will have to generate motivation and trust among the employees as soon as possible because they do not have much time and within the limited amount of time, they will have to work together to help the company. Therefore, it is recommended that the leaders of the company can use these following leadership strategies to communicate with their employees in an effective way, Great man theory or Trait leadership theory Behavioral Theory ( The managerial grid) Participative leadership Trait leadership theory This theory states that leaders are different from other people as they carry intelligence, perseverance, and ambition within their personality. According to this theory, it is assumed that leaders are born with inherited traits and some of which are particularly suited for leadership (James 2015). Volkswagen management must find these leaders in their organization and ask them to lead the way. Besides, it is not necessary that only the senior employees can lead Volkswagen out of this trouble. The management must evaluate the work performances of their employees to find out those employees who are already carrying the leadership traits. Those employees can be promoted to a higher rank to support the other leaders of the management. However, the skills of those employees must match the current situation of the company which means those employees must have the skills to deal with the present condition of Volkswagen. A table is shown below to point out the skill a leader or an employee must have to fulfill the tasks related to the Volkswagens current condition. Tasks Skills Flexible to the situation Intelligent, quick learner Knowledge of social atmosphere Theoretically strong Ambitious and target oriented Innovative Dependable Honesty Cooperative Strong communication skill, good team player, Tasks to be fulfilled and required skills (Source: Haslam et al. 2015) Behavioral theory The behavioral theory does not support the theory of trait leadership. According to Lehmann et al. (2015), behavioral leadership states that leader can be made, rather than are born. Therefore, behavioral leadership does not seek inborn traits but focuses on what the leaders are doing and how to find out methods to improve their skills. The behavioral theory states that a leader should have two behavioral characteristics among them which are the concern for people and concern for production. Together, those two characteristics are called managerial grid. Due to the present condition of Volkswagen, it highly important that managers show their concern for their people like employees, shareholders and customers. Besides, they must not neglect the production part, as it will be a huge decision whether the company will re-manufacture new vehicles to replace the faulty ones or will simply upgrade the faulty vehicles to meet the rules and regulations of EPA. Participative leadership According to the current condition of Volkswagen, it can be said that participative leadership theories will provide best results for the organization. The participative theory states that leaders seek to involve other people of the organization in the decision making process rather than making an autocratic decision (Lam et al. 2015). Volkswagen is facing major issues to regain their market position after the "Emission cheat" incident. Therefore, each employee of the organization must come together to help the company. Leaders alone cannot handle the situation without any help from their employees. Therefore, they must execute participative leadership theories and processes to communicate with the employees and to collect their suggestions (Haslam 2015). They must also invite their stakeholders, peers, shareholders and old customers to participate and share their important recommendations. A figure is shown below to demonstrate how the leaders of Volkswagen must implement this leade rship theory in the organization. Figure 1: Participative leadership (Source: Ferraris 2015) Recommendation The vehicle company Volkswagen is facing critical challenges to regain their market position, customer loyalty and shareholders trust after they were accused of cheating the emission test of EPA. American boss of Volkswagen, Michael Horn stated that their company is totally ruined which describes how critical the issue is. On the other hand the former chief executive Martin Winterkorn, before resigning, stated that their company has broken the trust of their customers, and they must face the consequences. Therefore, it is clear that senior leaders have already surrendered to the present condition of the company. However, the present chief executive Matthias Muller showed his determination when he said that they will work hard to regain the trust of their consumers. This is easy to say but inside he knows that it will not be an easy task to execute, as they will have to start from scratch. Some recommendations are mentioned below for Volkswagen and its management so that they can syst ematically execute each step and can win back their lost reputation. The organization must build a special team to provide immediate response to the situation. If the organization stays silence for long, they will lose the remaining trust and loyalty of its peers, customers, shareholders and employees Rumors are indicating that Volkswagen will have to pay $18bn to Environmental Protection Agency as compensation. However, the agency has not declared anything else. Therefore, the next job of the team will be to find out the original story. They will have to communicate with EPA to find out what they can do to compensate their actions. It is always a bold decision to say sorry after committing something wrong. Therefore, Volkswagen must call a press meet as soon as possible and ask for an apology to their customers and other stakeholders with a promise that they will enhance their system so that nothing bad would happen gain in the future. The remaining leaders of the company must come forward and lead the way to handle the situation. It is recommended that they should use either behavioral leadership theory or participative leadership theory to communicate with their employees which will allow them to collect several alternative solutions to the problem. This will also help them to find out what the employees are thinking right now. If the employees are losing their trust and motivation, then immediate actions must be taken to charge them up because employees are the only powerful resource Volkswagen has at this time. A major decision must be taken related to the faulty vehicles of the company. Volkswagen is recalling 8.5 million cars from Europe, including 2.4 million from Germany, 1.2 million from UK and 500,000 from the US because of the emission scandal. That is why their shares have fallen by about a third since the scandal broke. Therefore, the company cannot manufacture new cars to replace their faulty cars. It is recommended that they should add external upgrades in those cars so that they can perform according to EPAs test manual. However, they must note that their newly manufactured cars will be internally upgraded to meet the requirements of EPA. Upgrading 8.5 million cars in not an easy task as it might take years. However, Volkswagen must perform this task as soon as possible to show their responsibility towards their customers. Therefore, the current workforce is not enough for the company to execute this huge task. The organization must start recruiting new workers on short-term employment notice. Personal Reflection From the assignment the first thing, I learned that Environmental Protection Agency is doing a superb job by tightening their rules to protect the environment. However, I was surprised to know that a company like Volkswagen has committed this type of serious crime only to maintain their profitability. It was unexpected from the company as from 1937; Volkswagen provided several regular vehicles and luxury vehicles and always provided proper safety tools and latest technologies with them. However, from the statements of former chief executive of the company and their American boss, it is clear that the company is now feeling sorry for their wrong doings and is ready to face the consequences. Martin Winterkorn, who was the chief executive of the company at the time of the scandal, took all the responsibilities and resigned from his post. What I understood from some other statements from the leaders of the company is the company management has already accepted their defeat and strongly b elieving that they are not going to rise from this condition. However, the current Chief Executive has released a strong statement by saying that they are extremely sorry for their wrongdoing, and they are going to do anything and everything to win back the trust of their customers. I knew that this was not an easy job to do so I provided some recommendations related to leadership theories to their leaders so that they can follow the proper way to win back the trust of their employees first and then the trust of their customers. While doing research on various leadership theories, I gained a vast knowledge on the topic too. I had to go through several leadership theories to choose the best three theories that can fit the present condition of the company. According to the present goal of the company, I have chosen three leadership theories which are expectancy theory, global leadership theory, and participative theory. Those three leadership theories helped me to enrich my knowledge on leadership, decision making and skill of a leader. While the expectancy theory taught me that effort, performance, outcomes are related to each other, global leadership theories like trait leadership, behavioral leadership theories helped me to understand concepts of inherited traits in a leader and self-gained skills of a leader. However, the participative leadership theory fulfilled my goal of choosing a leadership theory that can provide positive results to Volkswagen. Participative leadership theory taught me that the best way a leader can lead his team and earn their respect is to give equal importance to them. A leader must allow all of his team members to participate and share their views on a particular topic before making any decision. This is why I recommended this leadership theory to Volkswagen as the leaders of the company must communicate with their employees one by one to collect as many alternative solutions as they can. This strategy will also help the leaders to regain the trust of the employees because they will think that company values their suggestions. In the end, I can say that I learned how a company selects or should select leadership strategies to empower their decision making abilities in critical conditions. References Alanazi, T.R., Alharthey, B.K. and Rasli, A., 2013. Overview Of Path-Goal Leadership theory.Sains Humanika,64(2). Barbuto, J.E., Gottfredson, R.K. and Searle, T.P., 2014. An examination of emotional intelligence as an antecedent of servant leadership.Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies, p.1548051814531826. Chemers, M., 2014.An integrative theory of leadership. Psychology Press. Dansereau, F., Seitz, S.R., Chiu, C.Y., Shaughnessy, B. and Yammarino, F.J., 2013. What makes leadership, leadership? Using self-expansion theory to integrate traditional and contemporary approaches.The Leadership Quarterly,24(6), pp.798-821. Dinh, J.E., Lord, R.G., Gardner, W.L., Meuser, J.D., Liden, R.C. and Hu, J., 2014. Leadership theory and research in the new millennium: Current theoretical trends and changing perspectives.The Leadership Quarterly,25(1), pp.36-62. Ferraris, V.A., 2015. Lead from the front: Participative leadership.The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery,150(6), pp.1413-1415. Goel, A., 2015. Volkswagen: The Protagonist in Diesel Emission Scandal.South Asian Journal of Marketing Management Research, Forthcoming. Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R. and McKee, A., 2013. Primal leadership.Harvard Business School Press, Boston, Massachusetts (2004, paperback edition). Hall, D.S., 2013, January. LEADERSHIP: THEORIES, STYLES AND VISIONING. InNAAAS Conference Proceedings(p. 36). National Association of African American Studies. Harwati, L.N., 2013. Crisis management: Determining specific strategies and leadership style for effective outcomes.CRISIS,2(2). Haslam, S.A., Reicher, S.D. and Platow, M.J., 2015. Leadership: Theory and practice. Haslam, S.A., Reicher, S.D. and Platow, M.J., 2015. Leadership: Theory and practice. History.com, 2016.Volkswagen is founded - May 28, 1937 - HISTORY.com. [online] Available at: https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/volkswagen-is-founded [Accessed 11 Feb. 2016]. Hotten, R. 2016.Volkswagen: The scandal explained - BBC News. [online] BBC News. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/business-34324772 [Accessed 11 Feb. 2016]. Humphrey, R.H., 2013. The benefits of emotional intelligence and empathy to entrepreneurship.Entrepreneurship Research Journal,3(3), pp.287-294. James, K., 2015. Leadership Special Interest Group: What is leadership?.Canadian Oncology Nursing Journal/Revue canadienne de soins infirmiers en oncologie,25(1), pp.114-115. Krall, J.R. and Peng, R.D., 2015. The Volkswagen scandal: Deception, driving and deaths.Significance,12(6), pp.12-15. Lam, C.K., Huang, X. and Chan, S.C., 2015. The threshold effect of participative leadership and the role of leader information sharing.Academy of Management Journal,58(3), pp.836-855. Lehmann-Willenbrock, N., Meinecke, A.L., Rowold, J. and Kauffeld, S., 2015. How transformational leadership works during team interactions: A behavioral process analysis.The Leadership Quarterly,26(6), pp.1017-1033. McCleskey, J., 2014. Emotional intelligence and leadership: A review of the progress, controversy, and criticism.International Journal of Organizational Analysis,22(1), pp.76-93. Neck, C.P. and Krishnakumar, S., 2014. Leadership Emergence as a Process The Role of Emotions and Emotional Intelligence.Journal of Leadership and Management,1(1). O'Neil, H.F. and Drillings, M. eds., 2012.Motivation: Theory and research. Routledge. Sadri, G., 2012. Emotional intelligence and leadership development.Public Personnel Management,41(3), pp.535-548. Shibl, R., Lawley, M. and Debuse, J., 2013. Factors influencing decision support system acceptance.Decision Support Systems,54(2), pp.953-961. Van Wart, M., 2013. Lessons from leadership theory and the contemporary challenges of leaders.Public Administration Review,73(4), pp.553-565.

The Last Leaf False Perception free essay sample

In the story â€Å"The Last Leaf† the false perception of this story has a powerful outcome. Sue led Johnsy to believe that the last leaf had not fell off from the vine. As Johnsy looked out of the window she could see the little leaf hanging on for dear life. Even through the snow, and the pouring down rain it stayed firmly attached to its vine. Johnsy counted as all the other leaves fell from its vine. But for some reason this little leaf held on strong. She began to wonder if this leaf was sending her a message to stay strong just like it did through the roughest times of the year. The leaf held on and endured the worst weather conditions of the year. That encouraged Johnsy to hang on to her life and possibly get through this sickness from a â€Å"chivalric old gentleman named Mr. Pneumonia. † Sue knew the whole time that the last leaf had fell off its vine one tempestuous night. But enable to keep Johnsy some what alive, she made a false perception by going along with what Mr. Behrman thought was best. Which was painting an identical leaf on the brick wall to make it look like the real leaf was still holding on to its life. The false perception worked and made Johnsy realize how naughty she was being by only thinking about her self. In the outcome Johnsy survived her fatal sickness and held on strong just like she thought the last leaf had done all along. Mr. Behrman not only took his own life to save the life of Johnsy but also created and finished a masterpiece he had always spoke of doing.

Research Methods used in Motivation and Emotion Studies

Introduction A research method is a procedure for collecting and analyzing data in a way that combines the research purpose of the study and the economy. Research studies in psychology are carried out in accordance with scientific methods standards. This encompasses both quantitative and qualitative statistical modalities that generate and analyze explanatory hypothesis regarding a psychological phenomena.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Research Methods used in Motivation and Emotion Studies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are various methods that are used in qualitative research. Some of these methods include explorative approaches as well as observing the participants and recording the behaviors. In addition, it is possible to use interviews, which can be made to be made to be structured. Through such qualitative methods, it becomes possible to get data which would otherwise be hard to get if quantitati ve approaches were taken. Quantitative methods in psychology incorporate use of statistical techniques to analyze data about human behavior. This paper will be comparing research methods used in two peer-reviewed articles that focus on emotions and motivation. The paper will review an article by Jianzhong on â€Å"Homework Emotion Management Reported by High School Students† published in 2005. The paper will also review an article by Xiang, Bruene, and McBride on â€Å"Achievement Goals and Their Roles in Students’ Motivation and Performance in Physical Education Running Programs† published in 2005. Specifically, the paper will compare and contrast the research design, target population, sampling design and sample size, data collection methods, data analysis and ethical considerations. Research design Kothari (2004) indicates that a research design is a blueprint of a research project that comprises of a research procedure which makes the research study efficien t, yielding maximum information while reducing the expenditure of effort, money and time. Different research studies that are commonly used in research include a survey method, a case study and descriptive design. In both research studies the researchers used a survey method as their research design. A survey method involves interviewing the participants on their feelings, views and experiences in relation to the research objectives and hypothesis. A survey method is appropriate in psychological research since it helps the researcher to collect data on a subject that is not directly observable. Motivation and emotions cannot be observed and hence they can be measured best using a survey research method.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Population, sample size and sampling design A population refers to a group of items or individuals with a common attribute under consideration in a fie ld of enquiry. The target population in Jianzhong (2005) research study was 1,869 students while the target population in Xiang, Bruene, and McBride (2005) was 461 students. Both research studies were done in schools. Jianzhong (2005) combined both purposive sampling and random sampling to select their sample sizes. Purposive sampling was used to select English classes. Purposive sampling is a non random sampling method which helps the researcher to select a sample of people, events or settings who have predetermined characteristics. The researchers had observed that they were required by all students and hence purposive sampling was appropriate. However, the sample size was still large and hence simple random sampling was used to select a total of 10 English classes; five in grade 10 and five in grade 9. Xiang, Bruene, and McBride (2005) in their study used purposive sampling to select their sample size. In both studies, the researchers used purposive sampling but Jianzhong (2005) also used simple random sampling. The sample size in Jianzhong (2005) research study was 205 students while the sample size in Xiang, Bruene, and McBride (2005) was 461 students. Data collection methods Primary and secondary data can be used in a research study. Data collection methods used in collecting primary data include mailed questionnaires, structured questionnaires, semi structured questionnaires, focus group discussions, structured interviews, semi structured interviews and observations. In both studies the researchers used questionnaires to collect their data. Xiang, Bruene, and McBride (2005) in their study used a close ended questionnaire with a five-point Likert scale in each and every question. In Jianzhong (2005) study, possible responses to the questions were: strongly disagree which was scoring, disagree which was scoring two, ‘agree’ which was scoring three, and strongly agree which was scoring four. Structured questionnaires are preferred by most rese archers since they are economical in terms of cost, and time as compared to other data collection methods. In the two articles the researchers used quantitative data to answer the research questions.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Research Methods used in Motivation and Emotion Studies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Validity and reliability The accuracy of data collected mostly depends on the validity and reliability of the data collection instruments. Validity is the extent to which the results obtained after analyzing the data represent the study’s phenomena. Validity of the data collection instruments is achieved by pre-testing the research instruments in order to identify any ambiguous offensive of awkward questions and make changes where necessary. In both research articles the researchers did not do a pretest. Reliability measures the degree to which a research instrument yields consistent result s. Jianzhong (2005) in his study tested the reliability of his data and found that Alpha reliability coefficients were.81 for extrinsic reasons and 86 for intrinsic reasons. Xiang, Bruene, and McBride (2005) did not do a reliability test in their study. Data analysis Quantitative data can be analyzed by three statistical data analysis tools: descriptive statistics and inferential statistics and test statistics. Inferential statistics helps the researchers to make conclusions and predictions in relation to the properties of a population using the information from the sample size. Descriptive statistics helps the researcher to obtain information about central tendency, kurtosis, skew and dispersion and of data. Inferential statistics also help the researcher to obtain information of on the relationship between variables. Xiang, Bruene, and McBride (2005) in their study used both inferential and descriptive statistics to analyze their data. In inferential statistics they used MANOVA te st while in descriptive statistics they used mean. In his study Jianzhong (2005) used both descriptive and inferential statistics. Jianzhong (2005) used descriptive statistics to describe levels of education and his dependent variable (homework emotion management). In his inferential statistics Jianzhong (2005) used Zero-Order Correlations to establish the correlation between his dependent and independent variables. He also used hierarchical multiple regression analysis to analyze variances in homework emotion management which was his dependent variable. Ethical considerations Minja (2009) described ethics as norms that govern the conduct of a human being and has a greatly impacted human welfare. Research studies should always have ethical consideration in relation to the respondents or organizations. Researchers should therefore assure the respondents and the names of the respondents should not be disclosed when analyzing the data or when discussing the findings. In his study Jianz hong (2005) shared information on his study with an assistant school principal to seek approval to conduct. In their study Xiang, Bruene, and McBride (2005) did not consider any ethical consideration.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More References Jianzhong, X. (2005). Homework emotion management reported by high school students. The School Community Journal, 15(2):21-36. Kothari, C. (2004). Research methodology: Methods and techniques. New Delhi: New Age International (P) Limited Publishers. Minja, D. (2009). Ethical leadership practices. KCA Journal of Business Management, 2(1):1-15. Xiang, P., Bruene, A., McBride, R. (2005). Achievement goals and their roles in students’ motivation and performance in physical education running programs. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 76(1), 95-96 This essay on Research Methods used in Motivation and Emotion Studies was written and submitted by user August Watson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Magic Reality in Salman Rushdie’s Midnights Children Essay Example

Magic Reality in Salman Rushdie’s Midnights Children Essay With the myriad voices and cultural complexity that is India, Salman Rushdies novel Midnights Children stakes claim to the culture, identity, history, and magic that is Indian life. Rushdie takes the English language out of its colonial context and makes it the utterance of Indian masses.   The novel employs English to re-establish territorial domination, to make language and colonial history part of Indias dominion, and to voice Indias truths within its own logical framework. In doing so, the novel challenges the concept of Positivism as the only proof of reality and refutes the culturally biased label of magical realism by illustrating the mysterious, unpredictable, and beautifully strange aspects of life (Kortenaar 766).   Rushdie shows that the real is inherently magical and its incorporation into the novel—part of the reterritorialization of language, logic, and history—is key to reclaiming Indias voice and control over its cultural and historical narrative for past, present, and future generations. The style or genre of Midnights Children has been called magical realist but, as so many have countered—including Rushdie himself—that is a ridiculous and even condescending term. Such labeling deems the magic in magical realism as indigenous and the realism as Western and marginalizes the literature; it insinuates that western logic is more real than eastern logic, and that there is no magic in reality (Kortenaar 767). The novel is a forceful rebuttal to those assertions. Repeatedly, reality is revealed to be magical and Rushdie shows that to deny that aspect of life is to deny Indian—indeed all human—reality and identity. We will write a custom essay sample on Magic Reality in Salman Rushdie’s Midnights Children specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Magic Reality in Salman Rushdie’s Midnights Children specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Magic Reality in Salman Rushdie’s Midnights Children specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In India, daily life and history are filled with inexplicable and incomprehensible events and to gloss over or relate them from a single, narrow viewpoint is both biased and errant. For centuries that is what has been done by western writers to the East; it has been othered, and language has been used to rob identity. But now eastern writers are taking the power back through the language once used to oppress and are defining in their own terms personal and national identity and history. In this way Midnights Children uses English to show the marvelous real of daily life and to question western versions of truth and reality. (Kortenaar 768-72) As Rushdie reveals throughout the novel, reality in India is magical and its truths must be told in those terms. To begin, Indias topography and culture lends itself to belief in the fantastic—from the majestic peaks of the Himalayas to the tropical teardrop of Sri Lanka; the huge cities and tiny villages where sacred cows wander the streets competing for right-of-way with horn-blaring motorized rickshaws; where Sadhus literally roll their naked bodies across the country to symbolize their rejection of worldly comfort while paanwallahs bark carnival-style from their stalls as red betelnut juice streams from customers mouths, staining the walls and ground like fresh blood; where elephants trample villages, drunk on local coconut fenny, and wild tigers roam national parks, the last of their kind on earth. Further, how one conceives reality is a question of perspective. Reality is a question of perspective; the further you get from the past, the more concrete and plausible it seems—but as you approach the present, it inevitably seems more and more incredible, Saleem tells Padma, Illusion itself is reality (189). Hindus believe in Maya—that life is a dream or illusion that we all collectively agree to share. In the novel, Rushdie describes India in the same terms—as a Jungian collective unconscious fantasy where reality is what you make it. With this novel, he creates his version of reality and gives voice to a completely nonwestern (but no less real) way of looking at it. For example, Saleem tries to reclaim control of Indias narrative, rejecting the sterile, linear versions of history usually told about India by non-Indians: Rereading my work, I have discovered an error in chronology. The assassination of Mahatma Gandhi occurs, in these pages, on the wrong date. But I cannot say, now, what the actual sequence of events might have been; in my India, Gandhi will continue to die at the wrong time. (190) Saleem is questioning accepted versions of historical events and implies that no version is reliable—not even his own. More profoundly, he is saying that events such as Gandhis assassination cannot be quantified by a mere linear, factual accounting. Like so many tragic events in Indias history, Gandhis assassination occurs at the wrong time, literally and figuratively; it has such a profound effect on the nation that it cannot be reduced to a mere sequence of events. Here, Rushdie shows the deep philosophical difference between East and West. In the East, time and events cannot be neatly compartmentalized as they often are in the West, for they continue to reverberate and color the way all things are perceived. The novel posits that perception is determined not merely by time, but by ones experience—that is, what may seem odd to an outsider is not even noticed by one who sees it every day. For example, when Saleem discusses his mother Amina visiting Delhi, he describes her utter amazement at all she sees—in stark contrast to the urban-dwellers who notice nothing unusual. When you have city eyes you cannot see the invisible people, the men with elephantitis of the balls and the beggars in boxcars dont impinge on you, and the concrete sections of future drainpipes dont look like dormitories (89). In Delhi, Amina Sinai feels like she is surrounded by many-headed monsters—the old cliche of the East, where dragons and grotesque monsters have always existed for the West—because she is not habituated to the area. Here Rushdie is revealing that outside perceptions are often misinformed and that, therefore, insider perspectives must be voiced and considered; he is showing that what may seem marvelous or magical to one person is simply a fact of life to another. For Reverend Mother aeroplanes were inventions of the devil cameras could steal your soul, and ghosts were as obvious a part of reality as Paradise (110). And who is to say that her perceptions and beliefs are wrong? Her daughter, Amina, inherits her intuition and belief in soothsayers, such as Ramram Seth, who accurately predicts her sons fate. Fighting against colonial propaganda that denies her beliefs, Amina thinks, Even if were sitting in the middle of all this English garbage this is still India, and people like Ramram Seth know what they know (110). Again, reality is a question of perspective and it has many definitions. Throughout the novel, Rushdie pushes the concepts of perception and belief and continually questions what constitutes reality. Speaking about Partition, Saleems father says, It was only a matter of time, but Saleem wonders at this assumption (86). Time has been an unsteady affair, in my experience, not a thing to be relied upon. It could even be partitioned: the clocks in Pakistan would run half an hour ahead of their Indian counterparts If they can change time just like that, whats real any more? I ask you? Whats true? (87) What is real? What is true? That is what Rushdie wants us to contemplate here. He wants us to see the folly of our belief in absolutes. He also wants us to see that reality is full of very bizarre events—especially in India, as Saleem indicates: There followed an illusionist January, a time so still on its surface that 1947 seemed not to have begun at all In which the Cabinet Mission saw their scheme for the transfer of power fail. (But of course it would only be six months until) In which the Viceroy, Wavell, understood that he was finished, washed-up, or in our own expressive word, funtoosh. (Which, of course, in fact only speeded things up, because it let in the last of the viceroys who) In which the Constituent Assembly stood self-adjourned, without having settled on a Constitution. (But, of course, in fact Earl Mountbatten, the last viceroy, would be with us any day, with his inexorable ticktock, his soldiers knife that could cut subcontinents in three, and his wife who ate chicken breasts secretly behind a locked lavatory door.) (70) Here Saleem is recounting his version of the countdown to Partition; he is showing the manipulation of events by the colonial government, the inaction of the Indian Constituent Assembly, who failed to control the process, and the malevolent ignorance of Viceroy Mountbatten who could so callously cut subcontinents in three. Saleem is describing how this marvelous real actuality occurred—one of the multitude of strange events that comprise the true history of India. Not just recent history but ongoing daily events can be perceived as fantastic in India. Saleem tells Padma that the villagers who lived near Reverend Mother all believed that: she eavesdropped on her daughters dreams, just to know what they were up to. Yes, theres no other explanation, stranger things have been known to happen in this country of ours, just pick up any newspaper and see the recounting of miracles in this village or that—Reverend Mother began to dream her daughters dreams. (Padma accepts this without blinking; but what others will swallow as effortlessly as a laddoo, Padma will just as easily reject. No audience is without its idiosynchrasies of belief). (58) In this passage Rushdie reiterates the subjectivity of belief and reinforces the idea that reality is what you make it. Deliberately playing on western doubt, Saleem tells us that there is no proof not something that will stand up in court but insists on the truth of Reverend Mothers extraordinary abilities (58). Juxtaposed to the bloody historical facts recounted throughout the novel (the bloody Partition of India and Pakistan, the wars of 1965 and 1971, the forced sterilization and slum eradication campaigns of Mrs. Gandhi, the assassinations of Gandhi, Mian Abdullah, and Liaquat Ali Khan, and the Emergency suspension of civil rights by Mrs. Gandhi) and the description of daily life— from the half-gnawed Parsee hand that slaps Ahmed Sinai across the face as it is dropped by a vulture flying away from the funerary Tower of Silence to the altering of time at Partition—Rushdie shows clearly that Indian life is full of what westerners might consider magical reality. Rushdie closes Midnights Children with an empty jar for the next generation to fill with its own pickles of time. Thirty jars stand upon a shelf, waiting to be unleashed upon the amnesiac nation. (And beside them, one jar stands empty) (530). In his novel, Rushdie successfully reterritorializes the English language and reclaims history and identity in Indian terms. But he knows that the real work has just begun, and that it must continue if India is to further define itself and its future. Therefore, Rushdie leaves us with an admonition, with the idea that we must know our histories so that we can own them (and not be doomed to repetition). But he also voices hope. Saleem concludes: My special blends: Ive been saving them up. Symbolic value of the pickling process: all the six hundred million eggs which gave birth to the population of India could fit inside a single, standard-sized pickle-jar; six hundred million spermatozoa could be lifted on a single spoon. Every pickle-jar (you will forgive me if I become florid for a moment) contains, therefore, the most exalted of possibilities: the feasibility of the chutnification of history; the grand hope of the pickling of time! (529) It is no coincidence that Saleems sons first word and the title for his final pickle recipe are both abracadabra. With this mystical incantation, which Saleem tells us is not an Indian word at all but a cabbalistic formula, Saleem and his son claim the magical reality of their lives—using all the language available to them. Just as Rushdie deliberately chooses to write this novel in English, he deliberately chooses a magical, non-Indian incantation for the final pickle recipe and for Saleems sons first utterance. As the words abracadabra are spoken by the baby, Saleem wonders, Whodoes the boy imagine he is? (529). And that is precisely the point of all these pages: Indians imagining and defining who they are in their own terms—and dreaming big! Through Saleems reclamation of discourse and logic throughout the novel, Rushdie claims control of past, present, and future—of the magical reality that is India—and in doing so creates a space for the next generations to add their own chapters. By deliberately reterritorializing the English language, Rushdie redefines realism, showing that his is an equally valid way of looking at the world, and insists that once Indians freely choose their own modes of expression they will become the masters of their own destiny.